Mapping Center Answer:

This looks like a bug which we will be checking into. Thanks for alerting us!

In the meantime, there are a couple of workarounds that you could try. Basically, when this kind of 3D Symbol (to be clear, a 3D Marker Symbol) is shown in ArcMap, we just show a bitmap version of the symbol. The problem is that the bitmap image is not honoring the rotation-per-feature value (driven by attributes), or the rotation-of-the-whole-symbol option. So one workaround is to define/change the bitmap manually, as shown in the graphics below.

The other solution is to use a different layer in ArcMap -- that is, the 3D symbol is not being displayed anyway, so if the rotation is important then just use a picture-marker symbol in the map document and leave the 3D symbol in the 3D doc.