International Cartographic Congress 2009
Santiago, Chile
Escuela Militar del Liberator Bernardo O'Higgins

TBA

Clint Brown, ESRI, 380 New York St., Redlands, CA, 92373-8100, Tel: 909-793-2853, cbrown@esri.com

International Cartographic Congress 2009
Santiago, Chile
Escuela Militar del Liberator Bernardo O'Higgins

As noted cartographer Professor Waldo Tobler wrote in 1959, “Automation, it would seem, is here to stay.” Fifty years ago, Tobler clearly recognized the advantages that automation offers cartography in terms of increased speed and improved quality. Since then, the infrastructure that supports map making has continued to evolve, and we find ourselves regularly seeking the answers to the same basic questions Tobler asked a half century ago: “What possibilities exist for automation in cartography, and where can these be found?” The answers help us improve the map production process so that it requires less time, provides more consistency (and therefore higher quality), and results in reduced costs. But the answers are also constantly changing as hardware capabilities, software functionality, and other technical constraints and opportunities continue to shift and evolve. In this paper, we review the current state of automation in the context of GIS database-driven cartography, and we provide specific examples of situations in which automation can be capitalized upon in map production workflows.

Aileen R. Buckley, ESRI, 380 New York St., Redlands, CA, 92373-8100, Tel: 909-793-2853, abuckley@esri.com

David Watkins, ESRI, 380 New York St., Redlands, CA, 92373-8100, Tel: 909-793-2853, dwatkins@esri.com

Northwest GIS User Group Conference
Sunriver, Oregon, USA
Sunriver Resort

The process of using a map is fairly intuitive – after all maps are a form of visual data processing and the human visual system is the most complex and powerful information system known. There is a reason we can relate to the saying, "A picture is worth a thousand words". The goal of map reading is to translate the world on the map to your own mental image of the real world. The first step is to decipher the signs and symbols on the map using legends and other marginalia when they can help. The next step is to relate the symbols to geographic features. In this step of map reading, you realize that some things are left off the map, and that other things that do not actually exist in the environment are added to the map. Administrative boundaries, population density, and commodity flows cannot be seen in the landscape but they will appear on maps.

As we begin to master map reading, we come to the realization that the map does not and cannot equal reality. Often, error occurs when the map reader forgets this and expects there to be a one-to-one correspondence between the map and reality. A map is a metaphor. It is just one version of reality, and the way that it depicts reality depends on the media. Think about art – we do not expect an oil painting to look like a watercolor or a watercolor to look like a charcoal drawing. No more can we expect a globe to look like a wall map or page map or a web map. They are all valid representations of reality, but they are all different.

When map making reaches its fullest potential, the map maker creates the clearest impression of the environment that the map can give, and the map user accurately translates that representation into a mental image of the environment to interpret what it means. Therefore, map making and map use go hand in hand. This morning I'll be focusing on maps mainly from the perspective of their use. A fair amount of what I will talk about is also articulated and illustrated in Map Use, 6th edition which was published this spring by ESRI Press. I hope to give you a greater appreciation of the large and varied amount of information on maps. I hope this leads to understanding how intricate the map making process is. Once you realize this, you you'll view even the crudest map with more respect. And your map reading and map making skills will grow.

Aileen Buckley, ESRI, 380 New York St., Redlands, CA, 92373-8100, Tel: 909-793-2853, abuckley@esri.com

ESRI Czech User Conference
Prague, Czechoslovakia
Prague Congress Center

True 3D visualization of topographic data needs 3D topographic databases. The Swiss Federal Office of Topography (swisstopo) is replacing the current map based 2D VECTOR25 dataset with a 3D Topographic Landscape Model (TLM). This is a major shift in their internal production workflow, and also for their customers who demand accurate 3D geographical reference data. Based on the TLM, swisstopo uses ESRI tools for the cartographic production system to create the Digital Cartographic Models (DCMs). The system leverages the symbolization and editing tools in ArcGIS Desktop, the data management strengths of ArcSDE geodatabases, and the workflow management capabilities in the ArcGIS JTX extension. As these products are all extensible, this combination is an excellent platform for developing swisstopo’s GIS based cartographic production system.

This presentation illustrates the data capture and cartographic production workflow, giving insight into some of the project challenges, and presenting some custom functionality developed for the system. (Online at http://download.arcdata.cz/konf/2009/sbornik-18-konference-web.pdf).

Stefan Kappeler, ESRI Schweiz AG, Josefstrasse 218, 8005 Zurich, Switzerland, Tel: +41 44 360 1900, s.kappeler@esri.ch

North American Cartographic Information Society
Sacramento, California, USA
Holiday Inn Sacramento Capitol Plaza

Last year I talked about creating a multi-scale online soils map to be viewed as a Web map service. That presentation was largely speculative – what did I anticipate I would have to do and how would I do it? This year I can report on what I actually did and how it was done! Actually, as a veritable novice, it took about a year to sort out the intricacies of making this map. It also required sponging off the expertise of those around me working on similar projects. Now I am able to explain the major design and production considerations of my experience to you.

I'll describe how we used soils data from global to county scales to make a multi-scale map that ranges from global to local scales. I’ll discuss how we designed the base map that provides the geographic context for the soils data. I’ll talk about how all these data were organized and symbolized to make a multi-scale map that could be viewed in a Web map service. And I’ll explain how we took advantage of the Web as a medium to provide interactive query and reporting capabilities as well as connections to other resources.

Aileen R. Buckley, ESRI, 380 New York St., Redlands, CA, 92373-8100, Tel: 909-793-2853, abuckley@esri.com

North American Cartographic Information Society
Sacramento, California, USA
Holiday Inn Sacramento Capitol Plaza

Thematic maps, particularly choropleth maps, have suffered for too long from the lack of sufficient base geography. The minimalist choropleth map has been the enemy of communication for too long. The fear that an excess of reference information will obstruct a map reader’s ability to discern geographic patterns is a convenient rationalization. This presentation explores the notion of adding essential geographic context to choropleth maps. The ability to recognize the meaning of the mapped distribution (that is, whether a pattern of colors or shaded values is meaningful or not) depends on one’s ability to relate the abstract choropleth map to one’s own mental map.

In my undergraduate days, a professor showed my class a "naked" choropleth map of U.S. counties and explained the relevant patterns, justifying them as "relevant" based on his geographic knowledge. I learned a bit about U.S. geography from that. I would have remained ignorant if not for the professor (the map to me contained no geographic message but his explanation of the patterns based on his geographic understanding did!) Today there are too many maps, and too few professors, so our maps need as much geography as they can hold and still function well. Our maps must change lest the geographically illiterate percentage of our population continue to expand. As a society we cannot afford to have our ability to think geographically ensconced in the ivory tower.

Charlie Frye, ESRI, 380 New York St., Redlands, CA, 92373-8100, Tel: 909-793-2853, cfrye@esri.com

North American Cartographic Information Society
Practical Cartography Day
Sacramento, California, USA
Holiday Inn Sacramento Capitol Plaza

In this presentation, we show you how to use ArcGIS to create multi-scale online maps to be viewed in a Web map service. With a topographic map example from regional to local scales, we demonstrate setting the map scales and using group layers to organize your map document relative to the scale ranges. We also discuss special design considerations that speed drawing time so your map cache is created more quickly. We end with a demonstration of the caching process to show you parameters that will affect the size and image quality of the cache.

Mamata Akella, ESRI, 380 New York St., Redlands, CA, 92373-8100, Tel: 909-793-2853, makella@esri.com

North American Cartographic Information Society
Practical Cartography Day
Sacramento, California, USA
Holiday Inn Sacramento Capitol Plaza

"Bump mapping" is a technique used by cartographers to add texture to a hillshaded surface.  This technique is most often used to give the illusion of a vegetated surface.  Jeff Nighbert introduced the technique to ArcInfo users at the 2003 ESRI User Conference.  At that time, the method required the use of map algebra and the Arc Macro Language (AML).  Using the map algebra statements, the technique could be replicated in ArcGIS using Spatial Analyst or a Map Algebra geoprocessing tool.  None of these solutions made bump mapping easy for cartographers, however, because the map algebra statements were difficult to parse so that they could be understood and even minute syntax errors resulted in a lack of desired results.  We recently created a Bump Mapping Tool that allows ArcGIS users to create a bump mapped surface in quick and easy to understand terms.  The tool allows users to create multiple "bumped" surfaces, each relating to a different type of vegetation.  It also allows users to specify the type of vegetation for each type of vegetation including cones (coniferous trees) or domes (deciduous trees), tree radius and tree height. The tool is written using the open source Python scripting language so cartographers can easily modify the tool to their liking.  With this new tool, cartographers can easily and quickly create more realistic hillshades surfaces for the vegetated areas.

Aileen Buckley, ESRI, 380 New York St., Redlands, CA, 92373-8100, Tel: 909-793-2853, abuckley@esri.com

Rajinder Nagi, ESRI, 380 New York St., Redlands, CA, 92373-8100, Tel: 909-793-2853, rnagi@esri.com

2009 ESRI France User Conference
Versailles, France

La nouvelle technologie des représentations cartographiques reliées à une base de données – disponible dans ArcGIS depuis quelques années – a beaucoup contribué au fait que les cartes puissent être produites et mises à jour rapidement. L’office fédéral de topographie suisse (swisstopo), qui renouvelle toute sa chaîne de production de carte, développe un nouveau système utilisant la nouvelle technologie des représentations cartographiques. Ce système est constitué de bases de données, d’un système d’édition interactif (Genius-DB), ainsi que d’un système de généralisation automatique (SysDab). Le système Genius-DB est développé en collaboration avec ESRI Suisse, le système Sysdab est développé par une société tierce.

Pour chaque échelle de la carte, un propre modèle cartographique numérique (MCN) est créé. Les MCN sont dérivés d’un modèle topographique du paysage (MTP) et généralisés automatiquement. En outre, des relations entre le MTP non généralisé et les objets généralisés du MCN sont créées. Chaque MCN est constitué d’un modèle de données et d’un modèle de représentations. Afin que le travail des cartographes dans Genius-DB soit aussi productif que possible, une grande partie des tâches cartographiques est automatisée; comme par exemple la création de passages inférieurs et supérieurs. Pour les tâches manuelles restantes, les cartographes disposent d’outils d’édition „one-clic“ intuitifs et efficaces.

Cathy Eugster, Swiss Federal Office of Topography (swisstopo), Seftigenstrasse 264, P.O. Box 3084 Wabern, Switzerland, Tel: +41 31 963 21 11, cathy.eugster@swisstopo.ch

Barbara Schneider, ESRI Schweiz AG, Josefstrasse 218, 8005 Zurich, Switzerland, Tel: +41 44 360 1900, b.schneider@esri.ch

29th Annual ESRI International User Conference
San Diego, California, USA
San Diego Convention Center

How do you know when your map is done? The map is always done when you run out of time! So how do you make the most of your time? This session shows you quick tips for making the map right the first time around. This leaves you more time to polish the results, if you want, or move on to other things! In this session, we discuss quick and correct mapping techniques that relate first to all types of data. We then discuss methods that apply to specific themes of base map data. We then move on to discuss mapping thematic data. We end with tips for map elements and page layout. By reducing the time it takes for map compilation, you increase the time you have for adding the finishing touches to your map.

Level: Beginner

Audience: Anyone who want to learn the basics of making a map

Prerequisites: None

Aileen R. Buckley, ESRI, 380 New York St., Redlands, CA, 92373-8100, Tel: 909-793-2853, abuckley@esri.com

Mamata Akella, ESRI, 380 New York St., Redlands, CA, 92373-8100, Tel: 909-793-2853, makella@esri.com

29th Annual ESRI International User Conference
San Diego, California, USA
San Diego Convention Center

ESRI Press presents an author panel featuring A. Jon Kimerling and Aileen R. Buckley, cartography professors and co-authors of the newly published Map Use: Reading and Analysis, Sixth Edition. They will engage the audience in a discussion of the new release as well as key elements of the forthcoming Map Use: Interpretation as well as Map Making, the third book in the series. The three-part series will allow readers to understand the whole picture of how maps should be used and made and why. Concepts and examples presented in one book are also illustrated in the others so that readers will understand how a map is read or analyzed, how maps, and maps are made so that they can be read, analyzed and interpreted effectively.

A. Jon Kimerling, Department of Geosciences, 104 Wilkinson Hall, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331-5506, Tel: 541-737-1201, kimerlia@science.oregonstate.edu

Aileen R. Buckley, ESRI, 380 New York St., Redlands, CA, 92373-8100, Tel: 909-793-2853, abuckley@esri.com

29th Annual ESRI International User Conference
San Diego, California, USA
San Diego Convention Center

This session will provide an introduction to a set of downloadable examples for Local Government users that are interested in building a set of basemaps for their jurisdiction. This will be of interest to GIS Professionals looking to provide an online set of map services to departments and customers those users. GIS Professionals and Local Government staff will learn about the content of these templates and how to use them on their own project. The session will emphasize implementation best practices and describe how you can participate in this user community.

Level: Intermediate

Scott Oppmann, ESRI, 380 New York St., Redlands, CA, 92373-8100, Tel: 909-793-2853, soppmann@esri.com

Charlie Frye, ESRI, 380 New York St., Redlands, CA, 92373-8100, Tel: 909-793-2853, cfrye@esri.com

Steve Grise, ESRI, 380 New York St., Redlands, CA, 92373-8100, Tel: 909-793-2853, sgrise@esri.com

29th Annual ESRI International User Conference
San Diego, California, USA
San Diego Convention Center

Learn about a new ArcGIS map template for geologic mapping. The initial release of this template implements a large portion of the FGDC Digital Cartographic Standard for Geologic Map Symbolization (FGDC Document Number FGDC-STD-013-2006). The template includes an example geodatabase implementation for geologic mapping, an example map document, a toolbox with tools for migrating existing geologic data into the template geodatabase, and documentation. The symbols in this template are delivered as cartographic representation symbols, meaning they are stored in the geodatabase, and not a style file. This makes it possible for ArcGIS to be used to symbolize a fully compliant geologic map. The Maplex Labeling extension is also required to label the geologic features correctly. This session will cover how to get started with the new ESRI Geologic Mapping Template, and essential geologic mapping tasks that can now be done better and faster than ever before.

ArcGIS Skill Level: Intermediate and Advanced

Charlie Frye, ESRI, 380 New York St., Redlands, CA, 92373-8100, Tel: 909-793-2853, cfrye@esri.com

Janel Day, ESRI, 380 New York St., Redlands, CA, 92373-8100, Tel: 909-793-2853, janel_day@esri.com

9th Annual ESRI Education User Conference
San Diego, California, USA
San Diego Convention Center

ESRI Press presents an author panel featuring A. Jon Kimerling and Aileen R. Buckley, cartography professors and co-authors of the newly published Map Use: Reading and Analysis, Sixth Edition. This introductory text explores numerous facets of modern map use, with integrated explanations of standard planimetric maps, perspective diagrams, image maps, dynamic maps, and additional content related to geographic information system (GIS) technology as it pertains to spatial analysis. Kimerling and Buckley will explain the organization and highlights of the book, including an overview of the additional resources available to instructors.

A. Jon Kimerling, Department of Geosciences, 104 Wilkinson Hall, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331-5506, Tel: 541-737-1201, kimerlia@science.oregonstate.edu

Aileen R. Buckley, ESRI, 380 New York St., Redlands, CA, 92373-8100, Tel: 909-793-2853, abuckley@esri.com

Workshop on Digital Mapping Techniques 2009
Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
West Virginia University - Downtown Campus

Learn about a new ArcGIS map template for geologic mapping. The initial release of this template implements a large portion of the FGDC Digital Cartographic Standard for Geologic Map Symbolization (FGDC Document Number FGDC-STD-013-2006). The template includes an example geodatabase implementation for geologic mapping, an example map document, a toolbox with tools for migrating existing geologic data into the template geodatabase, and documentation. The symbols in this template are delivered as cartographic representation symbols, meaning they are stored in the geodatabase, and not a style file. This makes it possible for ArcGIS to be used to symbolize a fully compliant geologic map. The Maplex Labeling extension is also required to label the geologic features correctly. This session will cover how to get started with the new ESRI Geologic Mapping Template, and essential geologic mapping tasks that can now be done better and faster than ever before.

Charlie Frye, ESRI, 380 New York St., Redlands, CA, 92373-8100, Tel: 909-793-2853, cfrye@esri.com

Janel Day, ESRI, 380 New York St., Redlands, CA, 92373-8100, Tel: 909-793-2853, janel_day@esri.com

North American Cartographic Information Society
Missoula, Montana, USA
Holiday Inn Downtown

Creating pleasing communicative maps of soils is impeded by two major factors: most people do not understand much about soils, and most people do not find soils all that interesting. Mapping soils is complicated by the method used to collect and store soil data. The mapping unit is really a composition of soils with different characteristics; therefore, presence/absence, dominance, percentages, or some other method must be used to display the attributes of the unit. As a result, maps of soils tend to be misunderstood or even disregarded. This paper explains a method developed to display soil orders and suborders. The first publication of this method appeared in the Atlas of Oregon, though the approach has now been applied to data for the entire United States. This paper also explains tools for the conversion of STATSGO soils data into formats useful to cartographers. These tools can be used to map other soil characteristics, such as hydric soils or land capability.

Aileen R. Buckley, ESRI, 380 New York St., Redlands, CA, 92373-8100, Tel: 909-793-2853, abuckley@esri.com

North American Cartographic Information Society
Missoula, Montana, USA
Holiday Inn Downtown

When changing map scale, feature details must be modified, and hydrography is one of the most sensitive data themes to generalize. This is due in part to the cartographic importance of integrating stream channels, ponds, etc. with terrain, which is another scale-sensitive data layer. It is also a consequence of the need to preserve the visual character of water features. On one level, this is accomplished by preserving three geometric properties: overall length of channel lines and polygon boundaries; overall size of simple and aggregated features; and relative concentration of local detail. On a higher level, one also wants to retain distinguishing elements of the feature, such as the frequent right-angle bends in a trellised watershed, the regularized sinuosity of meanders and oxbows, the vein-like network of a braided channel, or the pattern of small depressions in a swampland. Regularized shapes and recognizable textures help to characterize features visually, but have proven elusive to formalize for automated generalization. We’ve been able to automate distinguishing shape characteristics for hydrographic polygons in a number of physiographic regions, and are currently working toward automatic distinctions on the basis of texture. We’ll report on what’s worked, what hasn’t, and lessons learned.

Barbara P. Buttenfield, Department of Geography, UCB 260, University of Colorado-Boulder, Boulder, CO, 80309-0260, Tel: 303-492-3618, babs@colorado.edu

Jochen Wendel, Department of Geography, 302 Walker Building, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802

Charlie Frye, ESRI, 380 New York St., Redlands, CA, 92373-8100, Tel: 909-793-2853, cfrye@esri.com

North American Cartographic Information Society
Practical Cartography Day
Missoula, Montana, USA
Holiday Inn Downtown

When a map cache is created, the server draws the maps at several different scales and stores copies of the images. The server can then distribute the stored images when a request for a map comes in. This practice of rapidly serving maps using pre-generated images has become a standard for Web 2.0 mapping applications.

This presentation introduces caching strategies with ArcGIS Server 9.3 software. We discuss issues that relate to:

1. Designing a map that will be cached
2. Choosing a cache tiling scheme and properties
3. Preparing a cache for a Google Maps or Microsoft Virtual Earth mashup

This presentation is geared toward ArcGIS Server users who want to improve the performance of their online maps as well as novices who want to learn about more about map caching in general.

Aileen R. Buckley, ESRI, 380 New York St., Redlands, CA, 92373-8100, Tel: 909-793-2853, abuckley@esri.com

Southern Technology Conference
Long Beach, California, USA
Long Beach Meeting and Convention Center

Creating pleasing communicative maps of soils is impeded by two major factors: most people do not understand much about soils, and most people do not find soils all that interesting. Mapping soils is complicated by the method used to collect and store soil data. The mapping unit is really a composition of soils with different characteristics; therefore, presence/absence, dominance, percentages, or some other method must be used to display the attributes of the unit. As a result, maps of soils tend to be misunderstood or even disregarded. This paper explains a method developed to display soil orders and suborders. The first publication of this method appeared in the Atlas of Oregon, though the approach has now been applied to data for the entire United States. This paper also explains tools for the conversion of STATSGO soils data into formats useful to cartographers. These tools can be used to map other soil characteristics, such as hydric soils or land capability.

Aileen R. Buckley, ESRI, 380 New York St., Redlands, CA, 92373-8100, Tel: 909-793-2853, abuckley@esri.com

28th Annual ESRI International User Conference
San Diego, California, USA
San Diego Convention Center

The credo of the 1-minute cartographer rests on three ideas:  the need to clearly appraise what the map needs, the knowledge of how to make the appropriate edits, and the ability to evaluate the results.  These are the secrets of the 1-minute cartographer – 1-minute appraisals, 1-minute fixes, and one minute evaluations. Design principles and common-sense cartography underpin the short- and long-term success of your maps.  In this session, we teach you some fundamental design principles (color selection, typography, page layout, etc.) and how to use them for map making with ArcGIS.  You'll also learn where to get help when you're stuck, and how to know you got the job done right.  In the end, you'll be equipped with an arsenal of tips and tricks to design better maps and make them "come to life" with ArcGIS.

Aileen R. Buckley, ESRI, 380 New York St., Redlands, CA, 92373-8100, Tel: 909-793-2853, abuckley@esri.com

Charlie Frye, ESRI, 380 New York St., Redlands, CA, 92373-8100, Tel: 909-793-2853, cfrye@esri.com

28th Annual ESRI International User Conference
San Diego, California, USA
San Diego Convention Center

Why do map users make the best map designers? Join Cindy Brewer, author of the newly released Designed Maps: A Sourcebook for GIS Users as she engages Aileen Buckley and Jon Kimerling, two authors of the forthcoming Map Use: Reading and Analysis, 6th Edition, in a discussion about using maps and the importance of tailoring maps to meet the needs of the user.

Cynthia A. Brewer, Department of Geography, 302 Walker Building, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, Tel: 814-865-5072, cbrewer@psu.edu

A. Jon Kimerling, Department of Geosciences, 104 Wilkinson Hall, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331-5506, Tel: 541-737-1201, kimerlia@science.oregonstate.edu

Aileen R. Buckley, ESRI, 380 New York St., Redlands, CA, 92373-8100, Tel: 909-793-2853, abuckley@esri.com

9th Annual ESRI Education User Conference
San Diego, California, USA
San Diego Convention Center

Since 2007, ESRI has maintained a web site called Mapping Center designed to help people use ArcGIS software to make maps. Part of our mission is to teach users the cartographic principles that underlie map making decisions. The audience is composed in large part of professionals engaged in varying levels of map making in their work, but the site also attracts college students and professors. Mapping Center also includes teaching materials for use in a classroom or by individuals to learn about map making with ArcGIS, so the site augment the resources available for teaching at those higher levels. Learn more at http://mappingcenter.esri.com.

Aileen R. Buckley, ESRI, 380 New York St., Redlands, CA, 92373-8100, Tel: 909-793-2853, abuckley@esri.com

Swiss Geoinformation Forum 2008
(Schweizer Forum für Geoinformation)
Zürich, Switzerland
Universität Zürich-Irchel

A new cartographic production system is being developed at the Federal Office of Topography in Switzerland (swisstopo). This new system consists of a cartographic database and interactive editing system (called Genius-DB) and a generalization system (called SysDab, built by a non-ESRI third party). Genius-DB is being built by ESRI Switzerland based on ESRI ArcGIS 9.2/9.3, a commercial off the shelf GIS software platform. Genius-DB is one of the first applications to make use of the cartographic representations technology that is new since ArcGIS 9.2. This paper is based on Eicher et al., 2007 and presents some background on this project, explains the driving forces behind upgrading the current system, and describes some selected theory important to the overall architecture of the system. The bulk of the paper explores some major technical themes in the project: the development of GIS data and representation models, designing overall workflows and data flows, and the optimization of the cartographic editing user experience.

Barbara Schneider, ESRI Schweiz AG, Josefstrasse 218, 8005 Zurich, Switzerland, Tel: +41 44 360 1900, b.schneider@esri.ch

Dieter Neuffer, ESRI Schweiz AG, Josefstrasse 218, 8005 Zurich, Switzerland, Tel: +41 44 360 1900, d.neuffer@esri.ch

Markus Bedel, ESRI Schweiz AG, Josefstrasse 218, 8005 Zurich, Switzerland, Tel: +41 44 360 1900, m.bedel@esri.ch

Cory Eicher, ESRI Schweiz AG, Josefstrasse 218, 8005 Zurich, Switzerland, Tel: +41 44 360 1900, c.eicher@esri.ch

University of Redlands
Masters of Science in GIS Program
Colloquium Series
Redlands, California
ESRI Fourplex

One of the challenges in historical research is to create maps that depict historical landscapes. The challenge is both cartographic, i.e., creating excellent maps, and related to research integrity, i.e., defending or justifying why something is shown on the map. GIS, and particularly ArcGIS, is an excellent environment, with the tools and functionality needed to perform historical research. All that is needed is a methodology. This presentation describes several historical GIS projects and the methodologies used to create and manage the data and maps produced for those projects. In particular a data model for managing bibliographic sources and linking those sources to GIS features that are drawn on maps is the basis for the methodologies for these projects. These sources range from traditional forms, like books or journal articles, to primary source documents like maps and manuscripts, and covers use of these kinds of sources when they are in digital form. The result is maps where every feature shown can be cited; a user of this map need only click on the feature to find out which source indicated it should be included on the map depicting a particular historical landscape. Because the source information is stored in the database, it can also be retrieved and compiled for presentation on printed maps as well. This presentation also includes a PowerPoint animation of the Battle of Saratoga - 4.3MB)

Charlie Frye, ESRI, 380 New York St., Redlands, CA, 92373-8100, Tel: 909-793-2853, cfrye@esri.com

Workshop on Digital Mapping Techniques 2008
Moscow, Idaho, USA
University of Idaho

ESRI is working with the USGS and State Geological Surveys to create a geologic map symbol library based on the FGDC standard published in 2006. The symbols will be stored as cartographic representations in a geodatabase, a prototype version of which is expected to be released later in 2008. The Digital Mapping Techniques '08 (DMT) presentation contains a brief summary of what representations are and a report on the progress to date (May 2008) of the symbol-to-geodatabase conversion project.

Peter Kasianchuk, ESRI, 380 New York St., Redlands, CA, 92373-8100

Charlie Frye, ESRI, 380 New York St., Redlands, CA, 92373-8100, Tel: 909-793-2853, cfrye@esri.com

Canadian Cartographic Association
Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
University of British Columbia

Since 2007, the ESRI Cartographic Research Group has maintained a web site called Mapping Center (http://mappingcenter.esri.com) that is designed to help people use ArcGIS software to make maps. Part of the mission is to teach the cartographic principles that underlie the decisions users make about map design. Although their main objective in visiting the site may not be to learn these principles, we hope site visitors will make smarter design decisions based on these principles. As demonstrated in the Maps section of the Web site, descriptions of cartographic principles are incorporated into explanations of the mapping techniques. A challenge is to help a general audience learn how professional cartographers approach design challenges without diverting users from their primary mission, which is to easily learn how to tackle various map making tasks. The Mapping Center audience is composed in large part of professionals engaged in varying levels of map making. The site also attracts college students and professors looking for additional resources to augment their classroom assignments and teaching. Their interest is likely related to learning mapping software -- a constant challenge for classroom-based teaching. To address this need, teaching materials that can be used in a classroom or by individuals to learn about map making with ArcGIS are being developed for the site. Rather than replace university and other classroom opportunities to study cartography, these help fill a void for those unable to take advantage of learning in academic settings. In addition, they help augment the resources available for teaching at those higher levels.

Aileen R. Buckley, ESRI, 380 New York St., Redlands, CA, 92373-8100, Tel: 909-793-2853, abuckley@esri.com

Canadian Cartographic Association
Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
University of British Columbia

This presentation will examine changes in cartographic education in the United States. It begins with an exploration of the evolution of cartographic education through a review of four generations of cartographers with an academic lineage spanning more than four decades. This provides illumination on the types of courses cartographers have taken in a university setting in the U.S., and defines the 'evolution' of cartographic education in the academy in the last half of the twentieth century. Next, we explore new ways of delivering cartographic concepts and training largely related to the technological opportunities offered by computers. New delivery models are reviewed, such as online courses, blogs, forums, and podcasts. A set of selected web sites are examined in further detail to discover what concepts are being explained, what tools are offered, and how new content is delivered to today's map makers. We then explore the devolution of teaching, with a new set of instructors attempting to reach a broader audience. Today's "students" are often self-taught in response to demands placed upon them in their workplaces. This new audience may find the more diverse set of instructional resources more adaptable to learning under their particular circumstances. We conclude with the observation that cartographic education in the U.S. is now being offered beyond the walls of the academy as new generations of professional map makers seek to learn about cartographic concepts and techniques that they can use in their work.

Peter Kasianchuk, ESRI, 380 New York St., Redlands, CA, 92373-8100

Aileen R. Buckley, ESRI, 380 New York St., Redlands, CA, 92373-8100, Tel: 909-793-2853, abuckley@esri.com

Association of American Geographers Annual Meeting
Boston, Massachusetts, USA
Marriott Copley Place

Over the past few years, the number of Web sites dedicated to professional map makers has increased. At the same time the number of college courses dedicated to cartography and map production have been limited and in some cases courses have been eliminated.  Is it possible that the Web is supplanting the classroom in teaching the next generation of map makers?  Websites such as ColorBrewer.org, TypeBrewer.org, MapShaper.org, ShadedRelief.com, ReliefShading.com, CartoTalk.com and MappingCenter.esri.com offer much to the practicing professional. Can these sites be used to develop classroom materials that are appropriate for university-level instruction?  How effective are these sites and how popular are they?  Are they serving the growing numbers of largely uninformed if enthusiastic map makers? Are these Web sites helping to produce a more informed GIS workforce with respect cartography?   These questions are explored with the intent to understand the utility of these resources for higher education.

Aileen R. Buckley, ESRI, 380 New York St., Redlands, CA, 92373-8100, Tel: 909-793-2853, abuckley@esri.com

Charlie Frye, ESRI, 380 New York St., Redlands, CA, 92373-8100, Tel: 909-793-2853, cfrye@esri.com

University of Redlands
Masters of Science in GIS Program
Spring 2009 Workshop
Redlands, California

This workshop focuses on the concepts and techniques involved in creating mono- and multicolor cartographic displays of the terrain as seen in plan view. You will learn about the freely-available sources of DEM data used to create terrain displays and how to transform these raw data onto a map projection surface through raster resampling. We will then show you the principles behind analytical hillshading and give you several tips for creating attractive shadings. You will next learn about hypsometric tinting schemes and how to combine tinting with hillshading. We will then examine more advanced techniques such as Swiss and MDOW hillshading, bump mapping, and combining vegetation category data with hillshading. You will then see how to create an appropriate legend for your displays using ArcGIS. The workshop will conclude with tips on outputting and printing the terrain displays that you create in one of several graphic output formats. The workshop is structured around short lectures followed by laboratory exercises using ArcGIS. Following the workshop, we would like you to create a final project map that combines what you learned in the workshop with a topic of special interest to you.

A. Jon Kimerling, Department of Geosciences, 104 Wilkinson Hall, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331-5506, Tel: 541-737-1201, kimerlia@science.oregonstate.edu

Aileen R. Buckley, ESRI, 380 New York St., Redlands, CA, 92373-8100, Tel: 909-793-2853, abuckley@esri.com

University of Redlands
Masters of Science in GIS Program
Colloquium Series
Redlands, California
ESRI Fourplex

Dot maps show the geographic distribution of features in an area by placing dots representing a certain quantity of features where the features are most likely to occur. The fundamental steps in dot mapping are to select the dot size, determine the dot unit value, and place the correct number of dots in a random manner that correctly reflects the geographic distribution of features.

Selecting the dot size is a subjective decision, but the dot unit value has long been determined with the aid of the Mackay nomograph. Close examination of the nomograph finds it not appropriate for determining the dot unit value when dot placement is based on computer-generated random numbers that result in overlapping dots. A new graphical aid for dot unit value determination was created by modeling aggregate area of dots and amount of dot overlap using a truncated form of the unification equation from probability theory. Aggregate dot areas predicted by this equation were tested against actual random dots created for several common dot sizes, and high agreement was found between measured and predicted aggregate area. The new ESRI Dot Value Estimator was created by Aileen Buckley based on these results.

Pseudo-random dot placement with a maximum overlap constraint for dot pairs appears to better mimic how cartographers have traditionally placed dots. Pseudo-random dot placement can be thought of as similar to rigid random placement of circles in a square with maximum circle overlap limits from 0% (mutually exclusive dots) to 100% (totally random dots). Thinking of dot placement in this manner allowed a general equation for aggregate dot area to be devised as a linear combination of the mutually exclusive and totally random dot endpoint equations. Aggregate areas predicted by this general equation were found to closely match actual assemblages of pseudo-random dots with differing maximum dot pair overlaps.

The second part of this research focused on improving the guidance given for the placement of dots when mapping human population from U.S. Census data. MS GIS students Alex Quintero and Daniel Smith created a series of maps for San Bernardino county that illustrate the improvements in dot placement that result from using progressively smaller Census data collection units, and then using land use information to exclude areas unlikely to contain people. The final refinement was using road buffers as inclusion areas in rural areas.

A. Jon Kimerling, Department of Geosciences, 104 Wilkinson Hall, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331-5506, Tel: 541-737-1201, kimerlia@science.oregonstate.edu

American Congress on Surveying and Mapping & Land Surveyors Association of Washington
Spokane, WA, USA
Spokane Convention Center

Making communicative and attractive maps can be challenging if you are not sure of the software capabilities or the concepts behind some of the tricks and techniques that professional cartographers use. In this workshop, you will learn how you to tackle some of the challenges you have run into that prevent your maps from looking their best. A primary focus will be on understanding the message that the map is intended to communicate and consideration of the target audience (bosses, clients, boards of commissioners, the public, etc.), as well as the medium used to present the map (paper, projection, computer screen). Then we will discuss methods that can be used to efficiently and effectively convey that message to your map readers.

This workshop will focus on the use of mapping software (such as ArcGIS or Autodesk Map) to make your maps more informative and appealing. Cartographic principles and practices will be explored that relate to map compilation, symbology, labeling, and page layout. Design principles such as visual hierarchy, visual contrast, visual flow, figure-ground, balance and legibility will be discussed and techniques for achieving desirable results will be presented. Tips and tricks for map compilation will focus on the selection, generalization and classification methods used to weave the data together into the fabric of the map. Symbology and labeling methods and practices will be reviewed and tricks to achieve professional looking results will be presented. In our discussion of page layout, we will explore some of the decisions that relate to the arrangement of map elements (scale bars, titles, text blocks, legends, etc) on the page. Finally, we will demonstrate how all of these together relate to making the map communicate the message to your audience.

Aileen R. Buckley, ESRI, 380 New York St., Redlands, CA, 92373-8100, Tel: 909-793-2853, abuckley@esri.com

Doug Vandegraft, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service/National Wildlife Refuge System, 4401 North Fairfax Drive, Room 622, Arlington, VA, 22203, Tel: 703-358-2404, Doug_Vandegraft@fws.gov

American Congress on Surveying and Mapping & Land Surveyors Association of Washington
Spokane, WA, USA
Spokane Convention Center

In this four-hour workshop, participants are introduced to map making with ArcGIS – no prior experience with the software is required. We cover the basics of how ESRI conceives of a map and how you interact with the software to make one. We also cover basics of cartographic design so that you know how to make the right decisions when you use the software.

Aileen R. Buckley, ESRI, 380 New York St., Redlands, CA, 92373-8100, Tel: 909-793-2853, abuckley@esri.com

Oregon State University
Department of Geosciences
Corvallis, Oregon, USA
&
University of Oregon
Geography Department & Department of Landscape Architecture
Eugene, Oregon, USA

ESRI is coming to talk to students about potential employment with the company. Topping over $610 million in revenues last year, ESRI is the leading vendor in the GIS world and the producer of ArcGIS software. Located in Redlands, about 70 miles east of Los Angeles, ESRI has multiple and various openings for qualified graduates in their GIS applications, software development and all support departments. They are interested in hiring UO students in the following positions: Product Specialist; Cartographic Researcher; Software Development Programmer; Technical Analyst; Software Product Engineer; Software Test Engineer; Database Analyst; Support Services Analyst; Internet Programmer; Technical Support; Education Services Instructor; and Sales Associate. To explain more, they are offering an information session for students and faculty. A technical presentation/demonstration will be given on what ESRI does and the software they develop; job opportunities will be discussed and questions about ESRI will be answered. Bring your resume when you come to talk with the ESRI representative about your fit at ESRI. If you are interested in working for a world-leading GIS applications and software development company, we hope to see you there! The Presenter will be Dr. Aileen Buckley, former UO Geography Department faculty member, and currently a Cartographic Researcher for ESRI.

Aileen R. Buckley, ESRI, 380 New York St., Redlands, CA, 92373-8100, Tel: 909-793-2853, abuckley@esri.com

Oregon State University
Department of Geosciences
Corvallis, Oregon, USA

In this presentation, I introduce Environmental Systems Research institute through 1) how ESRI views GIS, 2) how ESRI supports GIS through the development of its software and through professional applications, and 3) a variety of the areas in which ESRI and its users provide support and conduct analyses. I then talk about research that the ESRI Cartographic Research and Special Projects Group is conducting with colleagues at a number of academic institutions. I also talk about the Mapping Center web site we created for mapping with ArcGIS software. To end, I talk about what we look for in potential employees and how students can apply for jobs and the internship program with ESRI.

Aileen R. Buckley, ESRI, 380 New York St., Redlands, CA, 92373-8100, Tel: 909-793-2853, abuckley@esri.com

University of Redlands
Masters of Science in GIS Program
Colloquium Series
Redlands, California
ESRI Fourplex

In this presentation, I examine changes in cartographic education in the United States from a variety of angles. I begin with an exploration of the evolution of cartographic education through a review of four generations of cartographers with an academic lineage spanning more than four decades. This provides illumination on the types of courses cartographers have taken in a university setting in the U.S. I next explore new ways of delivering cartographic concepts and training largely related to the technological opportunities offered by computers. New delivery models are reviewed such as blogs, forums, podcasts, online courses and more. A set of selected Web sites are examined in further detail to discover what concepts are being explained and what tools are offered to today's map makers. I then explore the devolution of teaching, with a new set of instructors attempting to reach a broader audience. I conclude with the observation that cartographic education in the U.S. is now being offered beyond the walls of the academy as new generation of professional map makers seek to learn about cartographic concepts and techniques that they can use in their work.

Aileen R. Buckley, ESRI, 380 New York St., Redlands, CA, 92373-8100, Tel: 909-793-2853, abuckley@esri.com

North American Cartographic Information Society
St. Louis, Missouri, USA
Hilton St. Louis Frontenac

Landmark maps contain graphics that are easily identifiable as landmarks by the user. These maps are often used for navigation and trip planning. They are a common type of map used by visitors to popular tourist destinations, like Rome, The Washington DC Mall area, or Disneyland. They can span a range of scales, be produced in black and white or color, contain detailed or highly abstracted symbols, and can be large format or small, but all of them help the reader immediately identify important cultural features in the landscape. The best landmark maps have a clear and unambiguous association of the graphic mark on the page and the feature on the ground. Mimetic symbols, architectural elevations, and sketches have been used successfully on these types of maps. Such symbols often appear to be more artistic than symbols on other kinds of maps, and they often appear to be hand drawn. In this presentation, we demonstrate how these maps can be created using ArcGIS software and commonly available GIS data. We show how to add images (pictures, sketches or elevations) to the map, how to create mimetic symbols that have an abstract style, and how the 3D capabilities of the software can be used to capture landmark features.

Aileen R. Buckley, ESRI, 380 New York St., Redlands, CA, 92373-8100, Tel: 909-793-2853, abuckley@esri.com

Jaynya Richards, ESRI, 380 New York St., Redlands, CA, 92373-8100, Tel: 909-793-2853, jrichards@esri.com

David Barnes, ESRI, 380 New York St., Redlands, CA, 92373-8100, Tel: 909-793-2853, dbarnes@esri.com

North American Cartographic Information Society
St. Louis, Missouri, USA
Hilton St. Louis Frontenac

ScaleMaster is a conceptual tool for characterizing design and geometry changes needed for mapping at a wide range of scales from multi-resolution databases. We have prepared ScaleMaster diagrams for 1:5,000 to 1:1,000,000 for four map purposes: topographic, zoning, soils, and population density. This paper emphasizes the specifics of 14 basic types of map design changes we identified during this process of creating approximately 120 maps. The types of map design decisions are:

1. (s) size change
2. (c) color change
3. (p) pattern change
4. (t) transparency change
5. (l) modify label appearance
6. (i) improve label positions in relation to nearby features or labels
7. (o) on/off for aspect of symbol or label
8. (r) reclassify features by attribute
9. (f) filter by threshold on feature attribute
10. (e) eliminate layer or eliminate by feature type
11. (a) add layer or add by feature type
12. (x) change layer order
13. (R) use ArcGIS Representation tools
14. (G) geometry change

We will discuss the frequency and positioning of each decision through scale with the intention of building strategies for extending the use of a database through scale and generating maps at all scales from a limited set of databases.

Cynthia A. Brewer, Department of Geography, 302 Walker Building, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, Tel: 814-865-5072, cbrewer@psu.edu

Jessica Acosta, Department of Geography, 302 Walker Building, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802

Barbara P. Buttenfield, Department of Geography, UCB 260, University of Colorado-Boulder, Boulder, CO, 80309-0260, Tel: 303-492-3618, babs@colorado.edu

Charlie Frye, ESRI, 380 New York St., Redlands, CA, 92373-8100, Tel: 909-793-2853, cfrye@esri.com

Aileen R. Buckley, ESRI, 380 New York St., Redlands, CA, 92373-8100, Tel: 909-793-2853, abuckley@esri.com

North American Cartographic Information Society
St. Louis, Missouri, USA
Hilton St. Louis Frontenac

This question is not intended to recast the debate "what is a map?" which for years drove a sometimes irrelevant distinction between maps and photo-images, verbal descriptions, blueprints, etc. Rather, the intention is to reconsider the functionalities that people expect today in a base map, and the variety and diversity of base maps proliferating with emerging Internet technologies (Google Earth mash-ups), interactive mapping, and lay cartography. The presentation will present a series of analogies: base map as an information framework (reference mapping and pedagogic tool), as a starting point for modeling (historic and future landscapes, environmental design), as a context for story-telling (journalistic maps, fiction), and as a map in the mind's eye (a world view)—all illustrated with examples of past and current base map formats. Cartographers within and beyond the NACIS community will be polled to initiate discussion about how map designers and data producers can respond to changing opinions about what a base map is now, what cartographic services it supports, and what it could become in the foreseeable future.

Barbara P. Buttenfield, Department of Geography, UCB 260, University of Colorado-Boulder, Boulder, CO, 80309-0260, Tel: 303-492-3618, babs@colorado.edu

Cynthia A. Brewer, Department of Geography, 302 Walker Building, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, Tel: 814-865-5072, cbrewer@psu.edu

Charlie Frye, ESRI, 380 New York St., Redlands, CA, 92373-8100, Tel: 909-793-2853, cfrye@esri.com

Aileen R. Buckley, ESRI, 380 New York St., Redlands, CA, 92373-8100, Tel: 909-793-2853, abuckley@esri.com

North American Cartographic Information Society
Practical Cartography Day
St. Louis, Missouri, USA
Hilton St. Louis Frontenac

In this presentation, we explain the inner workings of symbols in ArcGIS. We provide practical tips and tricks for working with symbols in the software. We present the building blocks of symbols (colors, fonts, and graphic images), how the building blocks are used to create ArcGIS symbols (building symbols with fonts or referencing images in symbols), and finally the underlying symbol model (which defines symbol properties and their relationships in ArcGIS). We then describe the types of symbols (colors, markers, lines, fills, text, color ramps) and how they are managed in ArcGIS (the Style Manager). Our intention is to empower you with greater artistic and administrative control over the symbols used on your maps and graphics. The take away message is for you to understand the synergy between GIS data and symbols and how these are the two primitives for map making with ArcGIS.

Aileen R. Buckley, ESRI, 380 New York St., Redlands, CA, 92373-8100, Tel: 909-793-2853, abuckley@esri.com

International Cartographic Congress 2007
Moscow, Russia
Cosmos Hotel

We present continued work on ScaleMaster, a tool that guides and describes multi-scale map design and combination of databases at widely ranging resolutions. This work complements multi-representation database (MRDB) research ongoing in Europe. We are using U.S. databases compiled at anchor scales of 1:5,000, 1:24,000, 1:100,000, and 1:250,000 to produce maps at all scales ranging from 1:5,000 to 1:1,000,000. These demonstration maps are produced using only selection, elimination, and symbol design changes. Relying on these changes to the display is a contrast with the geometry changes produced by generalization operations such as simplification and displacement. We have constructed approximately 20 maps designed for each of three map types: a topographic map set, thematic map set (with zoning and income foci), and operational map set (with an emergency response focus). Maps are produced at scales throughout the 1:5K to 1:1M range and we have detailed all changes in display that produce these designs. Designs at some scales combine data from a variety of anchor database resolutions.

Pilot work has shown that different map purposes have differently organized ScaleMaster diagrams. Topics suited to general reference uses, such as the topographic map set, have ScaleMaster diagrams that attenuate at smaller scales because fewer feature classes are selected and labeled, but the maps remain useful through a very wide range of scales. Maps with specific purposes are useful through a narrower range of scales and maintain a more consistent set of feature classes and symbol designs. The goal of the project is to guide workload balancing by combining changes in geometry and display to reduce overall workloads in map production. The project goals include assisting decision making on a minimum set of anchor database resolutions that need to be compiled for mapping agency needs. In addition, the project seeks to assist selection of a minimum set of resolutions for production of pre-computed generalizations. Accurate selection of intermediate Level of Detail (LoD) database resolutions will effectively reduce map making workloads throughout the range of map scales and purposes needed by a mapping agency.

Cynthia A. Brewer, Department of Geography, 302 Walker Building, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, Tel: 814-865-5072, cbrewer@psu.edu

Barbara P. Buttenfield, Department of Geography, UCB 260, University of Colorado-Boulder, Boulder, CO, 80309-0260, Tel: 303-492-3618, babs@colorado.edu

Charlie Frye, ESRI, 380 New York St., Redlands, CA, 92373-8100, Tel: 909-793-2853, cfrye@esri.com

Jessica Acosta, Department of Geography, 302 Walker Building, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802

International Cartographic Congress 2007
Moscow, Russia
Cosmos Hotel

Effective use of GIS for map production requires a well designed cartographic data model. Cartographic data models are a formalization of the map's design stored in the features and attributes of a GIS database. Cartographic data modeling requires a clear understanding of the maps that are being produced and in addition the software that is used to produce the maps.

An advantage of data modeling is that it requires us to think about the map design and the map making process. This results in the codification of the geographic features, attributes and processes that produce the desired cartographic product through specified software. Arranging this information in a systematic form allows it to be shared and repurposed for other map making uses. In some cases, it is possible to translate the cartographer's thinking directly into the GIS data model; other times the requirements for the data model are more elusive because it is difficult to formalize how a cartographer completes certain tasks. There are a number of reasons for this elusiveness, including the iterative and inexact nature of some map making tasks, the lack of attention historically given to codification of some map making tasks, difficulties in translating the task to its expression in a digital environment, and incomplete knowledge of the data and/or software used to complete the tasks.

We have learned much about how to design cartographic databases over the past ten years and more. The lessons relate to translating the map's semantic model into a cartographic data model, informed data capture, database requirements for text placement and symbology, leveraging the database in order to maximize the software capabilities, and identifying opportunities for automated map production. Some of the lessons we have learned include that: the maps an organization produces drive all aspects of cartographic data modeling; a complete inventory of the graphic marks on the maps is required to inform many aspects of the data model; semantic models do not have to be exhaustive in order to be complete; development of the cartographic data model must inform primary data compilation; the data model should allow you to store the closest representation of the final map in the database as possible. We illustrate these lessons through multiple examples from various case studies.

Aileen R. Buckley, ESRI, 380 New York St., Redlands, CA, 92373-8100, Tel: 909-793-2853, abuckley@esri.com

Charlie Frye, ESRI, 380 New York St., Redlands, CA, 92373-8100, Tel: 909-793-2853, cfrye@esri.com

International Cartographic Congress 2007
Moscow, Russia
Cosmos Hotel

Data capture of base cartographic features continues as a major activity in national mapping agencies, regional and local governments, and field science offices. Data modeling and data processing to create map products at a single scale and for a single purpose is both costly and labor-intensive. As a consequence, a goal in most organizations is to capture data on Sherman and Tobler's (1957) Multiple Use convention, which introduces a degree of redundancy by creating multiple representations that serve multiple purposes. A single data representation cannot serve all audiences, or all types of use, or all mapping scales. The "general purpose" paper-based topographic map legacy is widely recognized. Redundancy creates problems for data updates; and linking multiple representations is often complicated. Managers hope to achieve a balance between flexibility and parsimony. Capturing data for a range of mapping scales and selection of mapping or other purposes must be informed by product requirements and the production or workflow requirements.

We argue for specifying parameters of use to "inform" data capture and modeling. To the extent that data is generalized for particular purposes that are loosely or tightly coupled to a particular resolution and mapping scale, specifying intended use in advance of data capture will likely reduce or ideally minimize subsequent processing. Robust metrics establishing data's suitability for a given cartographic purpose have not yet been formalized, nor published in the literature. Captured cartographic data can't be extended across an infinite range of mapping scales without applying some form of data modeling, changing attributes, feature geometry, or both. Compiling data is more expensive than modeling data, for any product. Thus the problem of multiple use is intensified for production of any database intended for multiple mapping scales and purposes.

Management scientists refer to the Iron Triangle, whose vertices are resources, funding and time. We show how each Iron Triangle component impacts cartographic data modeling. We present examples from recent work practice to demonstrate where "informed" data capture can reduce or perhaps obviate the need for intensive data modeling. We present guidelines for best practices, including decisions about when new data capture is the preferred practice to re-align existing data in preparation for new map products. Finally we present implications for data sharing that incorporate best practice reports that delineate fitness for use, which can inform data partners about how to model shared data to a different scale or purpose.

Barbara P. Buttenfield, Department of Geography, UCB 260, University of Colorado-Boulder, Boulder, CO, 80309-0260, Tel: 303-492-3618, babs@colorado.edu

Charlie Frye, ESRI, 380 New York St., Redlands, CA, 92373-8100, Tel: 909-793-2853, cfrye@esri.com

International Cartographic Congress 2007
Moscow, Russia
Cosmos Hotel

With the advance and increase in popularity of the Geographic Information Systems (GIS) software, e.g. ArcGIS by ESRI, Inc., we see more colleges and universities starting to offer GIS certification programs of some sort. It is inevitable that these programs should include a course in GIS cartography, as the end product of any GIS analysis is a map. While the inclusion of a GIS cartography course in these programs is a healthy trend, one should not overlook the problems of what to include in such a course, how this course is taught, and who is qualified to teach such a course when the main objective of the course is that all students should learn how to make the best use of a GIS software in creating a useful and easy to use map. This paper will demonstrate the author's experience in the design and teaching of a GIS cartography course within such programs where the issue of communication is well stressed in the design of the course for the purpose of creating a useful and easy to use map.

Makram Murad-al-shaikh, ESRI, 380 New York St., Redlands, CA, 92373-8100, Tel: 909-793-2853, mmurad@esri.com

International Cartographic Congress 2007
Moscow, Russia
Cosmos Hotel

The task of generalization of existing spatial data for cartographic production can be expressed as optimizing both the amount of information to be presented, and the legibility/usability of the final map, while conserving data accuracy, geographic characteristics, and aesthetical quality. This paper provides an overview of a research project underway presently at ESRI to implement an optimization approach to constraint-based generalization within a commodity GIS (ArcGIS). In this approach, a set of rules are defined, one for each constraint. Each rule contains a satisfaction function, measuring the degree of violation of the constraint, and one or more actions which should improve the situation if the constraint is violated. An Optimizer kernel then has the responsibility of evaluating local and global satisfaction, and applying actions to appropriate features to improve the situation. In real generalization scenarios, it is often not possible to avoid some violation of constraints, and the goal of the Optimizer is therefore to maximize the overall satisfaction.

This paper describes the concepts and components needed to achieve optimization, the mathematics of the optimization process, and outlines a research prototype implementation. It also covers mechanisms for conserving topological integrity, which are built into the optimization framework. It then describes a set of example use cases, particularly covering displacement, but also others such as contextual simplification.

Jean-Luc Monnot, ESRI, 380 New York St., Redlands, CA, 92373-8100

Paul Hardy, ESRI, 380 New York St., Redlands, CA, 92373-8100, phardy@esri.com

Dan Lee, ESRI, 380 New York St., Redlands, CA, 92373-8100, Tel: 909-793-2853, dlee@esri.com

International Cartographic Congress 2007
Moscow, Russia
Cosmos Hotel

NA

Cory Eicher, ESRI Schweiz AG, Josefstrasse 218, 8005 Zurich, Switzerland, Tel: +41 44 360 1900, c.eicher@esri.ch

Barbara Schneider, ESRI Schweiz AG, Josefstrasse 218, 8005 Zurich, Switzerland, Tel: +41 44 360 1900, b.schneider@esri.ch

Markus Bedel, ESRI Schweiz AG, Josefstrasse 218, 8005 Zurich, Switzerland, Tel: +41 44 360 1900, m.bedel@esri.ch

Dieter Neuffer, ESRI Schweiz AG, Josefstrasse 218, 8005 Zurich, Switzerland, Tel: +41 44 360 1900, d.neuffer@esri.ch

International Cartographic Congress 2007
Moscow, Russia
Cosmos Hotel

The stated aim of many national mapping agencies (NMAs) is to build a master large-scale digital landscape model (DLM), from which medium- or small-scale DLMs are to be derived. The digital cartographic models (DCMs) and subsequent cartographic products are then compiled from the corresponding DLMs. Generalization is at the heart of such a production strategy. Meeting the challenge of integrating comprehensive generalization capabilities into ArcGIS (ESRI's core GIS software product family) to fully support the aims of NMAs requires more research focused on advanced and comprehensive solutions, while the development of fundamental generalization tools continues.

Generalization is about representing the geographic reality as faithfully as possible under map scale restrictions. Although automated tools have been developed to perform specific steps of generalization, such as aggregation of polygons or simplification of lines, it is obvious that post-inspections and corrections would be necessary when putting the individually processed features in context at a target map scale. The increasing demands for contextual generalization have lead to our investigation into typical geographic contexts involved in generalization and into analysis and geoprocessing for deriving information to facilitate contextual generalization.

Geographic features are spatially and semantically related, and interfere with each other in many ways - some are topologically connected, others in relative positions. Geographic patterns - natural subdivisions, cultural areas, clusters, or alignments, can be implicit or explicit. Both model and cartographic generalization share a common principle – they must recognize and preserve these characteristics. In the body of existing cartographic specifications, it is easy to find generalization requirements like these two: (1) - "A small building in a rural area should not be excluded if it serves as a landmark", which would require the determination of the rural area, the neighboring situation of the building within certain extent, and the visibility and significance of the building to travelers; and (2) – "In areas where numerous point features of the same class exist, a representative pattern should be used which will retain the general layout of the features", which requires measuring of density, recognition of the distribution pattern, and construction of a typified new layout. This paper discusses the various aspects and types of geographical contexts and illustrates the use of geoprocessing models to derive information for contextual generalization. As a parallel task, prototyping of an optimization mechanism for generalization is also in progress. This study and experience in defining and deriving contextual information will be an important input to the optimization process.

Keywords: contextual generalization, generalisation, geographic patterns, geoprocessing.

Dan Lee, ESRI, 380 New York St., Redlands, CA, 92373-8100, Tel: 909-793-2853, dlee@esri.com

Paul Hardy, ESRI, 380 New York St., Redlands, CA, 92373-8100, phardy@esri.com

Moscow, Russia

Generalization in the digital mapping and GIS world is the task of deriving smaller scale or lower resolution products from over-detailed spatial data. Optimization is one available mechanism for handling the often conflicting constraints involved in contextual generalization, where relationships with neighboring features are paramount. This paper studies the involvement of topological relationships in such constraints, and in the corresponding actions and reflexes which are invoked during optimization. It is based on investigations carried out while researching the development of an optimization engine as an extension to a commodity GIS (ArcGIS from ESRI).

Jean-Luc Monnot, ESRI, 380 New York St., Redlands, CA, 92373-8100

Paul Hardy, ESRI, 380 New York St., Redlands, CA, 92373-8100, phardy@esri.com

Dan Lee, ESRI, 380 New York St., Redlands, CA, 92373-8100, Tel: 909-793-2853, dlee@esri.com

27th Annual ESRI International User Conference
San Diego, California, USA
San Diego Convention Center

In this session you will learn techniques for symbolizing and laying out maps that communicate the results of your geographic analysis. Think of all the time you spend on collecting and analyzing your data – you also want to give special attention to communicating the results of your analyses to your audience. In this session, we show you ways to symbolize analysis results for point data, continuous raster surfaces, and discrete raster surfaces. You can also ensure effective communication of your GIS analyses by communicating not only the analysis results, but also methodological information such as models, graphs, technical illustrations, and associated text.

Aileen R. Buckley, ESRI, 380 New York St., Redlands, CA, 92373-8100, Tel: 909-793-2853, abuckley@esri.com

Charlie Frye, ESRI, 380 New York St., Redlands, CA, 92373-8100, Tel: 909-793-2853, cfrye@esri.com

27th Annual ESRI International User Conference
San Diego, California, USA
San Diego Convention Center

In this session, we unveil the mystery of symbols in ArcGIS. If you are unsure of how to use symbols much less design them, this session is for you. We expose the soft underbelly of symbols and styles with plenty of practical tips and tricks for how to work with symbols in the software. The first half of the session focuses on understanding symbols in ArcGIS. This includes: types of symbols (colors, markers, lines, fills, text, color ramps), the building blocks of symbols (colors, fonts, and graphic images – .emfs and .bmps), how the building blocks are used in ArcGIS symbols (building symbols with fonts or referencing images in symbols), and ultimately the underlying symbol model (which defines symbol properties and their relationships in ArcGIS). The second half of the session focuses on understanding styles. This includes: how symbols are organized in ArcGIS (styles), how symbols are managed in ArcGIS (the Style Manager), and how symbols are used in ArcGIS (make a symbol in a style, reference the style, and pick the symbol that the layer or graphic element will use as a symbol property). Our intention is to empower you with greater artistic and administrative control over the symbols used on your maps and graphics. The take away message is for you to understand the synergy between GIS data and symbols and how these are the two primitives for map making with ArcGIS.

Aileen R. Buckley, ESRI, 380 New York St., Redlands, CA, 92373-8100, Tel: 909-793-2853, abuckley@esri.com

Jaynya Richards, ESRI, 380 New York St., Redlands, CA, 92373-8100, Tel: 909-793-2853, jrichards@esri.com

David Barnes, ESRI, 380 New York St., Redlands, CA, 92373-8100, Tel: 909-793-2853, dbarnes@esri.com

27th Annual ESRI International User Conference
San Diego, California, USA
San Diego Convention Center

In this session you will learn what should become your common practices for modeling data to support symbolizing and labeling high quality maps. The Cartographic Research and Special Projects team has worked with many of ESRI's clients who make cartographically demanding maps, and in doing so we have developed methods for analyzing and finding solutions to cartographic requirements through data modeling. We will demonstrate how effective data modeling depends on knowing ArcGIS well enough to avoid doing extra work. This session will also cover some of ArcGIS's capabilities that may not obviously relate to cartography, yet knowing about them will pay time-saving dividends during map production. We will also demonstrate many of the tools we have created for users to expedite the processing of GIS data into a cartographically fit state.

Charlie Frye, ESRI, 380 New York St., Redlands, CA, 92373-8100, Tel: 909-793-2853, cfrye@esri.com

Aileen R. Buckley, ESRI, 380 New York St., Redlands, CA, 92373-8100, Tel: 909-793-2853, abuckley@esri.com

27th Annual ESRI International User Conference
San Diego, California, USA
San Diego Convention Center

ArcGIS 9.2 software, released in late 2006, introduced a new way for ESRI users to store symbology in the geodatabase. This new method, called cartographic representations, presents new challenges for those individuals involved in producing high-quality maps from the GIS. These challenges include developing new workflows which incorporate the new technology.

The project methodology used an existing geodatabase and a test set of hard copy maps as a base from which to develop a prototype methodology to implement cartographic representations.

The main purpose of the project was to discover how feature symbols for multiple map products could be stored within a single geodatabase. In the course of the research, new techniques and functionality available with cartographic representations were evaluated against the standard ArcMap symbol management tools.

Peter Kasianchuk, ESRI, 380 New York St., Redlands, CA, 92373-8100

27th Annual ESRI International User Conference
San Diego, California, USA
San Diego Convention Center

"Bump mapping" has become an accepted technique in cartography for enhancing Shaded or "painted" relief backdrops. New capabilities in ArcGIS 9.2 allow generation of more sophisticated textures and increased realism and beauty in mapping. Though the illusions of surface textures add tremendous visual interest and realism to cartographic products, did you know the basis for "bump mapping" is essentially noise? This presentation will discuss the fundamentals of noise and its application in "bump mapping." There will be a review of existing techniques for creating bump maps, and highlight new techniques using ArcGIS 9.2 model builder and python scripting. There will be several examples showing how landscape based textures and materials can be applied to cartographic backdrops using ArcGIS to create a dramatic, interesting and informational cartographic presentation.

Jeff Nighbert, Bureau of Land Management, Oregon State Office 955.2, 333 SW 1st Avenue, Portland, OR, 97204, Tel: 503- 808-6399, Jeff_Nighbert@blm.gov

7th Annual ESRI Education User Conference
San Diego, California, USA
San Diego Convention Center

Mapping Center is Web site with information and resources about map making with GIS. It focuses on the use of GIS software in the graphic delivery of geographic information. Its intent is to help users make great looking maps with GIS by using the same cartographic concepts that professional cartographers do when making maps.

The guiding principles for the development of the site included, first and foremost, a solution-driven approach – help real people with real problems with real data. Second, What, How, Why – each cartographic problem is presented starting with what the solution is, then why you would do it (the underlying cartographic theory expressed in layman's terms) then how it is done. Third, Active Learning – that is, engage the user in doing the task, not just reading about it. Fourth, teach the users to think like a cartographer, so that they can begin to answer exercise their own cartographic judgment in solving their mapping problems in the future.

Mapping Center has two primary modes of information delivery: 1) a "front-end" interactive blog and related comments for discussion between our users and ESRI employees engaged in the various aspects of mapping and 2) a back-end archive of best practices guidelines and a wide variety of resources related to map making and cartography. The blog is a place where users can get and post relevant information (such as problems they need answers to or solutions they have discovered), and the archive is a place where users can find instructions and resources (e.g., data sets, styles, expressions and statements, step-by-step instructions) to solve their cartographic problems and challenges.

Aileen R. Buckley, ESRI, 380 New York St., Redlands, CA, 92373-8100, Tel: 909-793-2853, abuckley@esri.com

Canadian Cartographic Association
Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
University of Saskatchewan

Mapping Center is Web site with information and resources about map making with GIS. It focuses on the use of GIS software in the graphic delivery of geographic information. Its intent is to help visitors make great looking maps with GIS by using the same cartographic concepts that professional cartographers do when making maps.

The guiding principles for the development of the site included, first and foremost, a solution-driven approach – help real people with real problems with real data. Second, What, How, Why – each cartographic problem is presented starting with what the solution is, then why you would do it (the underlying cartographic theory expressed in layman's terms) then how it is done. Third, Active Learning – that is, engage the visitor in doing the task, not just reading about it. Fourth, teach the visitors to think like a cartographer, so that they can begin to answer exercise their own cartographic judgment in solving their mapping problems in the future.

Mapping Center has two primary modes of information delivery: 1) a "front-end" interactive blog and related comments for discussion between our visitors and ESRI employees engaged in the various aspects of mapping and 2) a back-end archive of best practices guidelines and a wide variety of resources related to map making and cartography. The blog is a place where visitors can get and post relevant information (such as problems they need answers to or solutions they have discovered), and the archive is a place where visitors can find instructions and resources (e.g., data sets, styles, expressions and statements, step-by-step instructions) to solve their cartographic problems and challenges.

Aileen R. Buckley, ESRI, 380 New York St., Redlands, CA, 92373-8100, Tel: 909-793-2853, abuckley@esri.com

North American Cartographic Information Society
Madison, Wisconsin, USA
Inn on the Park

Map scale may differ substantially from the resolution at which geographic data were compiled. We developed a descriptive tool dubbed "ScaleMaster" that organizes change in design and choices for symbolizing features from databases with different resolutions (1:5K, 1:25K, 1:100K, and 1:2M) through a continuous range of map scales (1:5,000 all the way to 1:5,000,000). With the help of cartography students at Penn State, we examined the integration of multiple databases at different resolutions for varied map purposes (e.g., public safety, tourism, topographic, and election planning) through scale changes. Our aim was to separate the workload associated with symbol design, feature selection, and feature elimination from the workload associated with map generalization operations that affect feature geometry (e.g., smoothing and displacement). We discuss the forms of ScaleMaster diagrams as related to map purpose and the practical issues of intermixing features from databases at varied scales. We argue that appropriate symbol design relative to scale change reduces the overall workload, allows databases to be used at wider range of scales, and reduces the amount of complex processing associated with map generalization operations that change feature geometry.

Cynthia A. Brewer, Department of Geography, 302 Walker Building, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, Tel: 814-865-5072, cbrewer@psu.edu

Charlie Frye, ESRI, 380 New York St., Redlands, CA, 92373-8100, Tel: 909-793-2853, cfrye@esri.com

Barbara P. Buttenfield, Department of Geography, UCB 260, University of Colorado-Boulder, Boulder, CO, 80309-0260, Tel: 303-492-3618, babs@colorado.edu

North American Cartographic Information Society
Madison, Wisconsin, USA
Inn on the Park

In this presentation, we examine some mapping techniques from bygone days and explore how those techniques can be adapted to a digital mapping environment. The effects and symbolization we show were derived from or inspired by maps from the early 1800's. We developed digital techniques to achieve such effects as parchment and watercolor patterns, coastal line vignettes (both parallel and horizontal), and specialized symbology for representing towns and villages. We also examine cartouches and other marginalia and show how they can be produced to have an antique hand-drawn look. Additionally, we demonstrate some unique labeling techniques such as threading the text into the fabric of the map by interlacing labels with the symbols for road networks. All of this is accomplished using a GIS to maintain the links to the GIS database and drives the cartography through the GIS data. The result is an old-fashioned affective design achieved with modern technology.

Aileen R. Buckley, ESRI, 380 New York St., Redlands, CA, 92373-8100, Tel: 909-793-2853, abuckley@esri.com

David Barnes, ESRI, 380 New York St., Redlands, CA, 92373-8100, Tel: 909-793-2853, dbarnes@esri.com

Jaynya Richards, ESRI, 380 New York St., Redlands, CA, 92373-8100, Tel: 909-793-2853, jrichards@esri.com

North American Cartographic Information Society
Madison, Wisconsin, USA
Inn on the Park

The demand for Multi-Resolution Databases (MRDBs) has grown to the point of wide acceptance in most federal agencies producing digital cartographic data and in many local and state government organizations concerned with modeling and mapping cartographic data at different scales. The agencies that support MRDBs acquire topographic data, image data, and base-cartographic vector data at a very fine spatial resolution. The initial dataset supports derivation of coarser resolution versions through generalization and other data modeling operations. However, it does not hold up in cartographic practice that an ultimately fine-resolution version of a cartographic feature can generate multiple representations across all scales and for all purposes, through item-level reduction or exaggeration, generalization, symbolization, or some combination of these operations. We refer to the premise of a finest-resolution data version serving all scales and all purposes as the "fallacy of the golden feature." We demonstrate why the "golden feature" concept is not workable in practice. We outline an alternative solution for federal agency data production that differs from the present strategy of independent databases compiled at widely discrepant mapping scales and involves "anchoring" specific data layers with new compilations targeted to specific scales. Finally, we propose criteria by which to select the anchor scales that can be adopted by cartographic end users.

Barbara P. Buttenfield, Department of Geography, UCB 260, University of Colorado-Boulder, Boulder, CO, 80309-0260, Tel: 303-492-3618, babs@colorado.edu

Charlie Frye, ESRI, 380 New York St., Redlands, CA, 92373-8100, Tel: 909-793-2853, cfrye@esri.com

North American Cartographic Information Society
Madison, Wisconsin, USA
Inn on the Park

The convenience of database-driven cartography has traditionally been offset by the design limitations of GIS symbology. To address this, ArcGIS 9.2 introduces a new way to store intelligent cartographic symbology alongside spatial data within a geodatabase. Symbology is applied to spatial features through representation rules to achieve complex depictions. Geometric effects and field mapping within rules dynamically alter spatial geometry and graphic properties before symbology is applied.

To ensure creative control over individual feature depictions, properties of representation rules can be overridden and portions of individual feature representations can be altered or erased while retaining the integrity of the database. The new framework offers geoprocessing tools that automate aspects of symbolization such as symbol overlap detection. The combination of the components of the representation framework can produce rich, clear and elegant cartography.

This paper investigates the potential of the representation framework by building and describing a set of representation rules and geoprocessing models that create a variety of cartographic styles, including depictions which have proven difficult to automate in the past. Particular attention is paid to non-uniform symbology cases, including coincident boundary features, and cases where segments or points on line or area features are treated specially for cartographic clarity.

Robert Jensen, ESRI, 380 New York St., Redlands, CA, 92373-8100, Tel: 909-793-2853, rjensen@esri.com

Edie Punt, ESRI, 380 New York St., Redlands, CA, 92373-8100, Tel: 909-793-2853, epunt@esri.com

North American Cartographic Information Society
Madison, Wisconsin, USA
Inn on the Park

3D GIS inherits strongly from 2D GIS yet it has its own unique characteristics. Among others, 3D symbology manifests itself in its complex construction and unique usage. One unique characteristic of 3D symbology is abstraction combined with realism. Symbology is defined as: "representing things by means of symbols or of attributing symbolic meanings or significance to objects". This definition of symbolization does not imply realism; on the contrary, it entails abstraction. Conventional cartography tends to model the world with abstractions by using cartographic symbols, while 3D GIS unobtrusively combines abstraction with realism. A 3D GIS does not necessarily employ an abstract or conceptual representation that is typically seen in a conventional 2D map. It can, however, perform what a conventional 2D GIS does and, in this sense, it is a superset of a 2D GIS system. Abstract 3D symbolization can be found in various examples in scientific visualization applications; in these scenarios, abstract or symbolized (in its narrow meaning) 3D symbology prevails. It is therefore natural for 3D GIS to have a split or mixed personality: abstraction (symbolization) with realism. This seemingly dichotomous couple can actually co-exist harmoniously in a 3D GIS, but we need to comprehend their respective characteristics and their suitable/applicable ranges. In this presentation, I seek to address some of these issues, touching on subject such as scale and orientation sensitivities when dealing with abstract and realistic 3D symbols, and I will also explore some relevant new concepts such as "geo-typical" and "geo-specific" features, with their 3D symbolization implications.

Keywords: 3D symbolization, 3D GIS, abstraction, and realism.

Jinwu Ma, ESRI, 380 New York St., Redlands, CA, 92373-8100, Tel: 909-793-2853, jma@esri.com

North American Cartographic Information Society
Practical Cartography Day
Madison, Wisconsin, USA
Inn on the Park

In this session we revisit what may seem like old news to map makers – type placement. Type is incredibly important to the look and finish of the final product – it is integral map content and will "make or break" the map you spent all those laborious hours compiling. Not only that, type placement can be terribly time consuming, depending on the number and variety of labels, and the amount of time you spend can "make or break" your budget for the map.

Map makers could be using automated label placement software to help reduce the time required for manual finish editing; however, this software traditionally has not been used to its maximum potential. Automated label placement software reduces the amount of time required for manual finish editing by placing all type in optimal or near optimal positions. In this session, we demonstrate the advantages of using automated label placement engines linked to GIS data and we show how automated label placement with data properly designed for the labeling engine can result in significant time/effort and as a result cost savings for map production. We present several cost-benefit examples to show how automated labeling helps you to save time and money while maintaining high quality type placement standards.

Aileen R. Buckley, ESRI, 380 New York St., Redlands, CA, 92373-8100, Tel: 909-793-2853, abuckley@esri.com

Charlie Frye, ESRI, 380 New York St., Redlands, CA, 92373-8100, Tel: 909-793-2853, cfrye@esri.com

26th Annual ESRI International User Conference
San Diego, California, USA
San Diego Convention Center

Making maps using GIS software and GIS data is challenging, but professional looking results can be achieved -- often at lower costs! The first step involves making the GIS data usable for mapping, and the second step is figuring out the work flow for making the maps in GIS. Producing professional looking maps is more complicated than simply drawing the data and assigning the symbology. Well-modeled GIS data can go a long way toward uncomplicating the process. In this workshop, we show you how to model GIS data for map making to achieve the goals of graphical clarity and visual integrity, with the added benefit of streamlining the required data processing and keeping production costs down. The resulting data model includes a variety of base themes, including: hydrography, transportation, boundaries, cultural, and physiography. We also discuss multi-scale aspects of the data model that support map making at select scale ranges. Then we show you workflow processes to derived and construct maps from the cartographically-modeled GIS data.

Charlie Frye, ESRI, 380 New York St., Redlands, CA, 92373-8100, Tel: 909-793-2853, cfrye@esri.com

Aileen R. Buckley, ESRI, 380 New York St., Redlands, CA, 92373-8100, Tel: 909-793-2853, abuckley@esri.com

Barbara P. Buttenfield, Department of Geography, UCB 260, University of Colorado-Boulder, Boulder, CO, 80309-0260, Tel: 303-492-3618, babs@colorado.edu

Cynthia A. Brewer, Department of Geography, 302 Walker Building, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, Tel: 814-865-5072, cbrewer@psu.edu

26th Annual ESRI International User Conference
San Diego, California, USA
San Diego Convention Center

A rich variety of thematic maps can be used to present graphic messages about specific attributes in your data. In this session, we show you how to create provocative and meaningful thematic maps, and we also demonstrate techniques that add visual pop and graphic panache to these types of maps. Thematic mapping techniques include choropleth mapping, graduated symbol mapping, proportional symbol mapping and multivariate mapping. In our demonstrations, we also show you advanced cartographic techniques that help add a professional touch to your map, including representations (new in 9.2), 3D effects, transparent buffers, and variable depth masking, among others. In addition, we explain how ModelBuilder and geoprocessing can be used to achieve some of the desired effects and help to streamline the production process.

Aileen R. Buckley, ESRI, 380 New York St., Redlands, CA, 92373-8100, Tel: 909-793-2853, abuckley@esri.com

Charlie Frye, ESRI, 380 New York St., Redlands, CA, 92373-8100, Tel: 909-793-2853, cfrye@esri.com

26th Annual ESRI International User Conference
San Diego, California, USA
San Diego Convention Center

This session demonstrates techniques for modeling data in a Geodatabase to efficiently produce high quality maps and map series with ArcGIS Desktop and by extension MPS Atlas. Topics include optimizing the GIS data model for the map production process as well as exploiting the map production process to optimize the data model. Both approaches to map/GIS data modeling are required in order to achieve the ultimate goal of increasing map production efficiency while maintaining high cartographic quality. In addition, this session shows how the vital task of creating robust map series indexes or specialized sub-indexes is accomplished with GIS.

Charlie Frye, ESRI, 380 New York St., Redlands, CA, 92373-8100, Tel: 909-793-2853, cfrye@esri.com

Aileen R. Buckley, ESRI, 380 New York St., Redlands, CA, 92373-8100, Tel: 909-793-2853, abuckley@esri.com

GICON 2006: Geoinformation Connecting Societies
Vienna, Austria
University of Vienna

Commercial GIS software such as ESRI ArcGIS has historic strengths in geography, spatial data modeling, and data analysis, but has traditionally been perceived as less strong in cartographic representation, artistic freedom and map publishing. However, a set of major software advances in cartographic functionality has recently become available, which together with further developments under way, will greatly automate high quality cartographic production, while empowering the human cartographer.

This paper highlights how the advances arising from research and development at ESRI are applied in a production setting at swisstopo, the Swiss national mapping agency. Using a real world case study as an example, the paper explains how the developments at ESRI meet the various requirements of a mapping agency, from the rigor of a master geodatabase to the artistic freedom provided by the representation editing tools.

Dieter Neuffer, ESRI Schweiz AG, Josefstrasse 218, 8005 Zurich, Switzerland, Tel: +41 44 360 1900, d.neuffer@esri.ch

Barbara Schneider, ESRI Schweiz AG, Josefstrasse 218, 8005 Zurich, Switzerland, Tel: +41 44 360 1900, b.schneider@esri.ch

Paul Hardy, ESRI, 380 New York St., Redlands, CA, 92373-8100, phardy@esri.com

Thierry Kressmann, ESRI, 380 New York St., Redlands, CA, 92373-8100

AutoCarto 2006 (in conjunction with UCGIS)
Vancouver, Washington, USA
The Heathman Lodge and Resort

This paper extends European research on balancing the cartographic production workload. We emphasize the role of changes to the map display (such as symbol design or modification) in contrast to existing workload discussions that focus on changes to feature geometry. We report results demonstrating how symbol change combined with selection and elimination of subsets of features can produce maps through almost any range of scales. We demonstrate a method of establishing specific map display scales at which symbol modification should be imposed. We present a prototype decision tool called ScaleMaster that can be constructed for multi-scale map design across a small or large range of data resolutions, display scales, and map purposes.

Cynthia A. Brewer, Department of Geography, 302 Walker Building, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, Tel: 814-865-5072, cbrewer@psu.edu

Barbara P. Buttenfield, Department of Geography, UCB 260, University of Colorado-Boulder, Boulder, CO, 80309-0260, Tel: 303-492-3618, babs@colorado.edu

AutoCarto 2006 (in conjunction with UCGIS)
Vancouver, Washington, USA
The Heathman Lodge and Resort

The term "base map" has many specific meanings to a variety of organizations, products, and processes, but in the context of organizations who use GIS and who produce and publish maps, a base map contains the data that underpins all the map products and their common workflows in the organization. This paper describes a management strategy for the elements of a GIS base map that are critical to ensuring that an organization is successful in their map making work. A key to a successful multi-purpose multi-scale base map is a product driven approach. To illustrate this approach a hypothetical example of a local level governmental agency is used to show how the maps an organization will produce are used to inform the database design process. This example is based on real world experience working with many such organizations. This paper also contains discussions of several topics that impact multi-scale, multi-purpose base map data model design such as implications for data capture and deriving data for smaller scale maps. These ensuing discussions provide logical experience-driven basis for making better strategic decisions about base map data modeling.

Charlie Frye, ESRI, 380 New York St., Redlands, CA, 92373-8100, Tel: 909-793-2853, cfrye@esri.com

AutoCarto 2006 (in conjunction with UCGIS)
Vancouver, Washington, USA
The Heathman Lodge and Resort

While research is underway at ESRI on solutions for adaptive and contextual generalization, the development of bulk generalization tools under the geoprocessing framework in ArcGIS has continued. One of the essential design aspects is to extend and redefine the scope of automation. Another is how to support the evaluation and further optimization of the output.

Dan Lee, ESRI, 380 New York St., Redlands, CA, 92373-8100, Tel: 909-793-2853, dlee@esri.com

Paul Hardy, ESRI, 380 New York St., Redlands, CA, 92373-8100, phardy@esri.com

AutoCarto 2006 (in conjunction with UCGIS)
Vancouver, Washington, USA
The Heathman Lodge and Resort

The convenience of database-driven cartography has traditionally been offset by the design limitations of automated symbology. To address this, ArcGIS 9.2 introduces a rule-based way to store cartographic symbology alongside spatial data within a geodatabase. Symbology is applied intelligently to spatial features through powerful representation rules to achieve complex depictions. Geometric effects within rules can dynamically alter spatial geometry before symbology is applied, and values within the feature class table can define symbol properties to customize the appearance of features. The new framework offers geoprocessing tools that can automate aspects of symbolization and detect areas where symbols overlap even when the spatial geometry does not. The intelligent combination of components of the representation framework can result in intricate and insightful database cartography. This paper investigates the potential of the representation framework by building and describing a set of representation rules and geoprocessing models that experiment with traditional cartographic depictions that have proven difficult to automate in the past.

Edith M. Punt, ESRI, 380 New York St., Redlands, CA, 92373-8100, Tel: 909-793-2853, epunt@esri.com

Robert Jensen, ESRI, 380 New York St., Redlands, CA, 92373-8100, Tel: 909-793-2853, rjensen@esri.com

Paul Hardy, ESRI, 380 New York St., Redlands, CA, 92373-8100, phardy@esri.com

Tim Daly, ESRI, 380 New York St., Redlands, CA, 92373-8100, Tel: 909-793-2853, tdaly@esri.com

ICA Generalization Workshop 2006 (in conjunction with AutoCarto)
Vancouver, Washington, USA
The Heathman Lodge and Resort

The demand for operable Multi-Resolution Databases (MRDBs) has grown to the point of wide acceptance in most national mapping agencies (NMAs), and in many local and state government organizations concerned with modeling and mapping cartographic data at different scales. The procedures that support MRDBs involve acquiring topographic data, image data, and base-cartographic vector data at a very fine spatial resolution. The initial dataset forms the basis for deriving coarser resolution versions of the dataset, through data modeling (i.e., generalization and other geoprocessing operations). A large body of work has been published (largely but not exclusively by European researchers) describing obstacles to, and solutions for, automating various aspects of the generalization required for MRDB derivation. That work is well known among the participants of this ICA Generalization Commission workshop and will not be reviewed here.

A longstanding and widely accepted assumption (e.g., Muller et al 1995, Weibel and Dutton, 1999) of MRDB data modeling is that the ideal solution is to compile geometry information at the most precise resolution, and to derive versions at less precise resolutions. This approach works well up to a point; however, the premise is flawed in cartographic practice. It does not hold up that an ultimately fine resolution version of a cartographic feature can generate multiple representations across all scales and for all purposes, through item-level reduction or exaggeration, generalization, symbolization or some combination of these operations. We refer to this premise of a finest-resolution data version serving all scales and all purposes as the fallacy of the "golden feature".

Numerous reasons demonstrate that the "golden feature" concept is not always workable in practice. These reasons relate to discrepancies between map representations, database representations, and reality; the difficulty of compiling data that can support all scales and purposes; intransitivities in object and attribute semantic hierarchies; and the challenge of preserving geographic process in a generalized representation. The paper will discuss each argument in turn. We argue in favor of an alternate approach in which independently compiled data is introduced at intermediate resolutions to 'fill in the gaps' when mapping at multiple scales and map purposes. We call these anchor data because their introduction realigns the scale-changing process with the complex progression of feature geometry, content, and prominence in the landscape. A similar approach is used by Swiss cartographers (notably Cecconi et al, 2002) to derive intermediate data sets from a single compilation and avoid intensive computations, for example, in on-demand mapping.

Our project focuses on data modeling for topographic and reference base map cartography, and our goal is not only to derive representations from a single existing compilation, but to introduce new, independently compiled data into the MRDB. We acknowledge that extreme challenges accompany this approach, for example in maintaining efficient workflows, in establishing links between multiple representations, and in protecting data semantics and validity. Our work has not matured to the point of presenting a comprehensive solution, however early results of exploring the mechanics of scale-changing indicate that this approach bears further investigation. We outline our early results, and outline possible criteria for selecting resolutions for introducing anchor data sets to an MRDB.

Keywords: MRDBs, scale-changing, multiple representations, cartographic base maps, data modeling

Barbara P. Buttenfield, Department of Geography, UCB 260, University of Colorado-Boulder, Boulder, CO, 80309-0260, Tel: 303-492-3618, babs@colorado.edu

Charlie Frye, ESRI, 380 New York St., Redlands, CA, 92373-8100, Tel: 909-793-2853, cfrye@esri.com

ICA Generalization Workshop 2006 (in conjunction with AutoCarto)
Vancouver, Washington, USA
The Heathman Lodge and Resort

The task of generalization of existing spatial data for cartographic production can be expressed as optimizing both the amount of information to be presented, and the legibility/usability of the final map, while conserving data accuracy, geographic characteristics, and aesthetical quality. This paper provides an overview of a research project underway presently at ESRI to implement an optimization approach to constraint-based generalization within a commodity GIS (ArcGIS). In this approach, a set of rules are defined, one for each constraint. Each rule contains a satisfaction function, measuring the degree of violation of the constraint, and one or more actions which should improve the situation if the constraint is violated. An Optimizer kernel then has the responsibility of evaluating local and global satisfaction, and applying actions to appropriate features to improve the situation. In real generalization scenarios, it is often not possible to avoid some violation of constraints, and the goal of the Optimizer is to maximize the overall satisfaction.

Jean-Luc Monnot, ESRI, 380 New York St., Redlands, CA, 92373-8100

Paul Hardy, ESRI, 380 New York St., Redlands, CA, 92373-8100, phardy@esri.com

Dan Lee, ESRI, 380 New York St., Redlands, CA, 92373-8100, Tel: 909-793-2853, dlee@esri.com

Canadian Cartographic Association/GeoTec Event 2006
Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
Ottawa Congress Center

There is a certain class of features on maps that are difficult to generate from traditional GIS database – named features of the natural landscape. Physical features, such as mountain ranges, canyons, ridges and valleys, and named water bodies, such as capes, bays and coves, are often not found in GIS databases. This results in their omission of maps or at best their addition to the map as mere graphic text that is often not georeferenced to the data used to make the map. In this presentation, we demonstrate a GIS data model for physiographic features and by extension named water bodies. We discuss the semantic model (what features to include), the representation (how to define the geometry of the features and their attributes), the symbology (the labeling specifications and how they are driven by the software used), the rules for data capture (how to identify the features on source documents and digitize them into the GIS as well as the QC/QA process), and the process model (how to use the software to place the labels relative to other symbolized features on the map).

Aileen R. Buckley, ESRI, 380 New York St., Redlands, CA, 92373-8100, Tel: 909-793-2853, abuckley@esri.com

Canadian Cartographic Association/GeoTec Event 2006
Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
Ottawa Congress Center

The convenience of database-driven cartography has traditionally been offset by the design limitations of automated symbology. To address this, ArcGIS 9.2 introduces a rule-based way to store cartographic symbology alongside spatial data within a geodatabase. Symbology is applied intelligently to spatial features through powerful representation rules to achieve complex depictions. Geometric effects within rules can dynamically alter spatial geometry before symbology is applied, and values within the feature class table can define symbol properties to customize the appearance of features. The new framework offers geoprocessing tools that can automate aspects of symbolization and detect areas where symbols overlap even when the spatial geometry does not. The intelligent combination of the components of the representation framework can result in intricate and insightful database cartography. This paper investigates the potential of the representation framework by building and describing a set of representation rules and geoprocessing models that experiment with traditional cartographic depictions that have proven difficult to automate in the past.

Edith M. Punt, ESRI, 380 New York St., Redlands, CA, 92373-8100, Tel: 909-793-2853, epunt@esri.com

Robert Jensen, ESRI, 380 New York St., Redlands, CA, 92373-8100, Tel: 909-793-2853, rjensen@esri.com

Paul Hardy, ESRI, 380 New York St., Redlands, CA, 92373-8100, phardy@esri.com

Tim Daly, ESRI, 380 New York St., Redlands, CA, 92373-8100, Tel: 909-793-2853, cfrye@esri.com

Canadian Cartographic Association/GeoTec Event 2006
Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
Ottawa Congress Center

A panel discussion comparing the different map production techniques used today. How the final map is produced - GIS, graphics package or both? What is happening in industry, government and academia? Representatives from industry, government and academia will briefly present and discuss the different platforms currently used in their organizations, the decision making process in selecting a platform and the role of educational programming. The panel will endeavor to present both industry and academic philosophies in respect to map creation. The intent of this session is to promote the sharing of ideas, issues, solutions and philosophies amongst everyone involved in the creation of maps.

Participants:

• Aileen R. Buckley, ESRI, Inc
• Patricia Connor, University of Western Ontario
• Paul Heersink, Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources
• Anna Jasiak, Atlas of Canada
• Clifford H. Wood, Professor (retired)
• Ian O'Connell, University of Victoria, Co-chair
• Lori King, Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources, Co-chair

Aileen R. Buckley, ESRI, 380 New York St., Redlands, CA, 92373-8100, Tel: 909-793-2853, abuckley@esri.com

5th International Cartographic Association Mountain Cartography Commission Workshop
Triglav National Park, Bohinj, Slovenia
GOZDNA SOLA: The National Training Centre of the Boy Scout Association of Slovenia

There is a certain class of features on maps that are difficult to generate from traditional GIS database – named features of the natural landscape. Physical features, such as mountain ranges, canyons, ridges and valleys, and named water bodies, such as capes, bays and coves, are often not found in GIS databases. This results in their omission of maps or at best their addition to the map as mere graphic text that is often not georeferenced to the data used to make the map. In this presentation, we demonstrate a GIS data model for physiographic features and by extension named water bodies. We discuss the semantic model (what features to include), the representation (how to define the geometry of the features and their attributes), the symbology (the labeling specifications and how they are driven by the software used), the rules for data capture (how to identify the features on source documents and digitize them into the GIS as well as the QC/QA process), and the process model (how to use the software to place the labels relative to other symbolized features on the map).

There are a number of interesting issues relating to such a named features data model. First, it is inherently multi-scale and may be used to create many different maps. This requires that non-point features be captured as polygons and the text be placed dynamically within the extent of the polygon at the scale mapped. There is also an interesting question of the mereological relationships between features – that is, the relationships of parts to the whole. What features are included in a mountain range, and when does a gulf stop being a gulf and become an ocean? Additionally, there is the more pragmatic question of how to capture these features for inclusion in the GIS database. Is it sufficient to digitize the apparent extent from existing maps, can local knowledge be used to define more precisely the extent, or can computation methods be used to generate features such as hills, valleys, canyons and ridges using DEMs and other digital source data?

We review the issues above in the hope that our work will allow others to use GIS for making maps that include these features. Without the addition of these names, the resulting maps are the poor cousins of the information-rich and cartographically-embellished maps of the past.

Aileen R. Buckley, ESRI, 380 New York St., Redlands, CA, 92373-8100, Tel: 909-793-2853, abuckley@esri.com

Charlie Frye, ESRI, 380 New York St., Redlands, CA, 92373-8100, Tel: 909-793-2853, cfrye@esri.com

ESRI Developer Summit
Palm Springs, California, USA
Wyndham Hotel and Palm Springs Convention Center

An introduction to the key concepts for how maps work in ArcGIS combined with basic map design for maps that are embedded in other applications. In ArcGIS, understanding how a map is drawn is half the battle; awareness of things like how does a layer gets symbols to use, what order layers draw in, or how ancillary processes like transparency, masking, and labeling work are part of a display framework. This session will cover the basics. The other half of the battle is actually designing a good map for purpose, and maps that are embedded in applications have unique design considerations. A clickable map that occupies a 3" x 4" window on a computer screen works differently than a map on a 24" x 36" sheet of paper; therefore the basics of symbol selection, text, and data formatting for these maps need will be covered in this session.

Charlie Frye, ESRI, 380 New York St., Redlands, CA, 92373-8100, Tel: 909-793-2853, cfrye@esri.com

Aileen R. Buckley, ESRI, 380 New York St., Redlands, CA, 92373-8100, Tel: 909-793-2853, abuckley@esri.com

North American Cartographic Information Society
Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
Radisson Hotel Salt Lake City-Downtown

Methods for mapping on historical maps may have relevance for modern cartography – blending the old with the new can help to create an informationally richer and visually more intriguing map. In this presentation, we travel back in time to explore the evolution of symbology and labeling that are the predecessors of some of our current high tech mapping techniques. We also re-discover some interesting cartographic feature types and we experiment with modern methods for generating these cartographic relics. Our journey of re-discovery allows us to "…visit old places with new eyes, new tools, and greater insights" (Goodchild, 1998: 3) where we find a world full of coastal and mudflat vignettes; Yew trees, osiers, and coppices; hedgerows and row houses; loose rock, outcrops, boulders and scree; cliff hachures and hairy caterpillars; and more. The techniques for mapping some of these features are redeveloped using GIS and geospatial data, and the results are integrated into modern maps with surprising results.

Aileen R. Buckley, ESRI, 380 New York St., Redlands, CA, 92373-8100, Tel: 909-793-2853, abuckley@esri.com

David Barnes, ESRI, 380 New York St., Redlands, CA, 92373-8100, Tel: 909-793-2853, dbarnes@esri.com

North American Cartographic Information Society
Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
Radisson Hotel Salt Lake City-Downtown

This panel is about the creation and ideation that goes on in the mind's eye. Discussion will focus on the decisions that production cartographers make as they initiate a large design process, illuminating map conceptualization and ideation from the point of view of practice (instead of pure theory, which is the way most textbook treat it). Panelists will talk briefly about how they develop that internal vision for the final product, before the physical production process begins. A related issue is how they refine the vision as the product begins to come together. There will be time for audience response and discussion.

Barbara P. Buttenfield, Department of Geography, UCB 260, University of Colorado-Boulder, Boulder, CO, 80309-0260, Tel: 303-492-3618, babs@colorado.edu

North American Cartographic Information Society
Practical Cartography Day
Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
Radisson Hotel Salt Lake City-Downtown

In this presentation, we will cover the labeling of buildings and building complexes using an example for features with hierarchal classes. We also discuss labeling boundaries and touch on hierarchical classes as well as the differences in labeling polygons vs. lines. Then we talk about labeling for transportation, focusing on highway shields, placement of labels for normal vs. short roads, and the use of hierarchical classes for size. What we won't cover, but we should still think about, are labeling natural features (hypsography, hydrography, land cover/use, and physiographic features) or labeling survey and control data.

Aileen R. Buckley, ESRI, 380 New York St., Redlands, CA, 92373-8100, Tel: 909-793-2853, abuckley@esri.com

Charlie Frye, ESRI, 380 New York St., Redlands, CA, 92373-8100, Tel: 909-793-2853, cfrye@esri.com

ISGI 2005 - First International CODATA Symposium on Generalization of Information
Berlin, Germany

It is a strategic goal of many national mapping agencies and other geographic data producers to build a master Digital Landscape Model (DLM) using a GIS, from which are derived coarser landscape models and corresponding cartographic products at a variety of scales. At the heart of such a production strategy lie the concepts of generalization (the abstraction of data to a smaller scale), and of multiple representation databases. This paper overviews a project underway at ESRI to implement multiple representations in the geodatabase, together with mechanisms for overriding and editing individual feature representations, for high-quality cartography. It then relates that to ongoing development to support efficient generalization processes and a robust framework for data derivation and abstraction.

Paul Hardy, ESRI, 380 New York St., Redlands, CA, 92373-8100, phardy@esri.com

Dan Lee, ESRI, 380 New York St., Redlands, CA, 92373-8100, Tel: 909-793-2853, dlee@esri.com

25th Annual ESRI International User Conference
San Diego, California, USA
San Diego Convention Center

This session will cover how to model GIS data to support mapmaking. The differences between GIS and cartographic data will be discussed as well as how to GIS data can be enriched to support semi-automated cartographic work flows. The session will show the cartographic GIS data model and explain how it has been developed to support multiscale, multipurpose mapping. The session will also demonstrate the workflow processes used to derive cartographic products from GIS databases.

Aileen R. Buckley, ESRI, 380 New York St., Redlands, CA, 92373-8100, Tel: 909-793-2853, abuckley@esri.com

Barbara P. Buttenfield, Department of Geography, UCB 260, University of Colorado-Boulder, Boulder, CO, 80309-0260, Tel: 303-492-3618, babs@colorado.edu

25th Annual ESRI International User Conference
San Diego, California, USA
San Diego Convention Center

Since much of the time and effort performing comprehensive GIS analysis results in some form of a map, this seminar will focus on the fundamental principles of cartographic design and how to achieve good cartographic quality using ArcMap. The objective will be to create well designed, high quality maps that communicate well and are useful to the map reader. This will involve learning what should be included in a good map, what to avoid placing on the map, how to symbolize a map, and how to annotate it for fast reading.

This seminar will include delivery of basic cartographic design principles coupled with a map critique exercise. Demonstrations will be incorporated that illustrate how to achieve good cartographic representation of data using ArcMap. Diverse topics will include how to symbolize fuzzy boundaries, roads and terrain, using transparencies, color ramps and color schemes, creating coastal vignettes, using imagery and photographs as map backgrounds, qualitative and quantitative thematic mapping, and annotation.

Makram Murad-al-shaikh, ESRI, 380 New York St., Redlands, CA, 92373-8100, Tel: 909-793-2853, mmurad@esri.com

25th Annual ESRI International User Conference
San Diego, California, USA
San Diego Convention Center

This session demonstrates cartographic enhancements to make maps that are evocative and eye-catching while remaining accurate and true to purpose. This can be achieved in part with cartographic realism by employing techniques that make some map features, such as terrain and natural landscapes, appear more realistic and therefore more intuitively understandable to a greater number of users. Techniques for enhancing cartographic realism demonstrated in this session include hillshading and elevation tinting, bump mapping, sun glints, coastal vignettes and stream tapering. Other advanced cartographic techniques include elevation tint legends, contour labeling and variable depth masking, drop shadows and polygon text elements. Together, the methods introduced here can be used to make maps that are often more attractive, even striking, compared to their conventional counterparts.

Aileen R. Buckley, ESRI, 380 New York St., Redlands, CA, 92373-8100, Tel: 909-793-2853, abuckley@esri.com

David Barnes, ESRI, 380 New York St., Redlands, CA, 92373-8100, Tel: 909-793-2853, dbarnes@esri.com

25th Annual ESRI International User Conference
San Diego, California, USA
San Diego Convention Center

In this session, we focus on the requirements for modeling data to produce large scale maps. Defining an appropriate data model for map compilation and production assures consistent and appropriate maps for local, regional and municipal resource management, as well as the more recently required monitoring and management of information for homeland security. Topics include: using high resolution imagery to derive cartographic data, such as physiography and hydrography; deriving cultural cartographic features from parcel and other municipal data; defining the semantic models for data at various scales; and procedures for extracting smaller scale data from larger scale data. These techniques and concepts are applied in particular to the use of local scale GIS data to make high quality cartographic products that meet the various needs of its users.

Charlie Frye, ESRI, 380 New York St., Redlands, CA, 92373-8100, Tel: 909-793-2853, cfrye@esri.com

Aileen R. Buckley, ESRI, 380 New York St., Redlands, CA, 92373-8100, Tel: 909-793-2853, abuckley@esri.com

25th Annual ESRI International User Conference
San Diego, California, USA
San Diego Convention Center

Cartography has come a long way in achieving realistic symbology and content to excite map users' understanding of landscapes. Natural color schemes and the use of imagery have greatly helped in this process. Landscape lighting in most cartographic products is full sun from the northwest--white light. This is generally a standard, but are there other possibilities for creating exciting cartographic presentations? This paper will give examples of how to create dramatic and realistic lighting schemes to greatly enhance cartographic realism

Jeff Nighbert, Bureau of Land Management, Oregon State Office 955.2, 333 SW 1st Avenue, Portland, OR, 97204, Tel: 503- 808-6399, Jeff_Nighbert@blm.gov

International Cartographic Association
A Coruña, Spain
Palexco Convention and Exhibition Center

ESRI is developing its GIS software to support cartographic representations inside a versioned geodatabase. Representations are usually described as a Digital Cartographic Model (DCM), as opposed to a Digital Landscape Model (DLM). A set of tools (including generalization operators) is involved in deriving the DCM from the DLM. One of the main benefits of the DCM representation mechanism is to support manual overrides, because there will always need to be human interventions. Thus, real cartographic data require a combination of automated and human work.

This paper covers the propagation of DLM updates to the DCM features and representations. The first challenge is to apply the same set of derivation rules using just update descriptions as input, instead of a whole new dataset. The second challenge is to prevent erasing the manual work of the cartographer, which represents much of the time spent to produce the final map. The paper describes how the database model is extended to keep track of the cartographer's manual work.

Marc-Olivier Briat, ESRI, 380 New York St., Redlands, CA, 92373-8100, mbriat@esri.com

Jean-Luc Monnot, ESRI, 380 New York St., Redlands, CA, 92373-8100

Thierry Kressmann, ESRI, 380 New York St., Redlands, CA, 92373-8100

International Cartographic Association
A Coruña, Spain
Palexco Convention and Exhibition Center

Remaining in the GIS environment during map production has many advantages but requires that an increasing range of cartographic effects and graphic design tools be embedded in the software. For example, cartographers want to position and curve type precisely; break lines for type over multicolor backgrounds with selective masking; clarify precise overpass, underpass, and merge relationships in complex road interchanges; control the way boundary lines interact as they intersect and overlay each other and hydrography; and design sophisticated mixtures of relief shading and hypsometric tints. The tools for accomplishing advanced cartographic effects are a mix of both analysis and representation tools. We challenged groups of students at the Pennsylvania State University with a series of compact design problems to be solved in both ESRI ArcGIS and Adobe Illustrator or Photoshop. In this paper, we highlight some new and hard to find cartographic options in the GIS software.

Cynthia A. Brewer, Department of Geography, 302 Walker Building, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, Tel: 814-865-5072, cbrewer@psu.edu

Charlie Frye, ESRI, 380 New York St., Redlands, CA, 92373-8100, Tel: 909-793-2853, cfrye@esri.com

International Cartographic Association
A Coruña, Spain
Palexco Convention and Exhibition Center

We present an information model that describes maps and informs the definition of GIS databases with the codification of map design to support automated map production. We present an approach to database modeling that considers the map production requirements from the outset, then define the unique characteristics and requirements for the GIS data to support mapping, as well as the process models to create the maps. Our information model is derived from a communication model that encompasses traditional cartographic design and production processes to transform information about the geographic environment to geospatial data to maps. We tested our information model using a multi-scale GIS database to produce various map products. From our research, we find that the information model can be used to codify the map design and support the production process. The challenge remains to incorporate the flexibility to reflect the individualistic approaches of map makers in their design and compilation processes.

Aileen R. Buckley, ESRI, 380 New York St., Redlands, CA, 92373-8100, Tel: 909-793-2853, abuckley@esri.com

Charlie Frye, ESRI, 380 New York St., Redlands, CA, 92373-8100, Tel: 909-793-2853, cfrye@esri.com

Barbara P. Buttenfield, Department of Geography, UCB 260, University of Colorado-Boulder, Boulder, CO, 80309-0260, Tel: 303-492-3618, babs@colorado.edu

International Cartographic Association
A Coruña, Spain
Palexco Convention and Exhibition Center

Though cartographic production based on geographic information systems has proven benefits, a major obstacle to the wide acceptance of GIS as a tool for production cartography has been its inflexibility in allowing cartographers to make changes to the representations of geographic features on a feature by feature basis. Consequently, many cartographers work either solely in a vector commercial graphics software package, or they divide their work between GIS and graphics software packages.

Software is being developed at ESRI based on the geodatabase to support map finishing in ArcGIS. Cartographer-centric tools allow users to modify feature symbolization and geometry. These tools work with the geodatabase and store changes as overrides that do not affect the underlying GIS data. This paper describes the cartographic finishing software under development at ESRI, with a focus on the design and function of manual cartographic editing tools, supplemented by tools for automating common processes.

Cory Eicher, ESRI, 380 New York St., Redlands, CA, 92373-8100, c.eicher@esri.ch

Marc-Olivier Briat, ESRI, 380 New York St., Redlands, CA, 92373-8100, mbriat@esri.com

International Cartographic Association
A Coruña, Spain
Palexco Convention and Exhibition Center

Commercial GIS software such as ESRI ArcGIS has historic strengths in geography, spatial data modeling, and data analysis, but has traditionally been perceived as less strong in cartographic representation, artistic freedom and map publishing. However, a set of major software advances in cartographic functionality has recently become available, which together with further developments under way, will greatly automate high quality cartographic production, while empowering the human cartographer.

This paper overviews a related set of technology advances arising from research and development at ESRI. The aim is to provide the optimal tools and environment for the production cartographer, centered on the rigor of the master geodatabase but allowing artistic freedom where needed. It will release cartographers from the drudgery of repetitive actions and free them to concentrate on applying their unique human visual abilities for interpretation and design.

Paul Hardy, ESRI, 380 New York St., Redlands, CA, 92373-8100, phardy@esri.com

Thierry Kressmann, ESRI, 380 New York St., Redlands, CA, 92373-8100

International Cartographic Association
A Coruña, Spain
Palexco Convention and Exhibition Center

Many national mapping agencies (NMAs) are pursuing the idea of building a master database and deriving multiple scale products from it. To support this production goal, GIS-based generalization is a necessity. The solution for generalization involves data modeling, process automation, multiple representations, updating, and more. This paper focuses on the automation of generalization processes in ArcGIS (the GIS software created by ESRI, Inc.)

To automate generalization requires translating the cartographer's knowledge into computer logic and algorithms in order to derive desired results. Our starting point is the Generalization toolset in ArcToolbox, the powerful geoprocessing framework containing hundreds of data analysis and management tools and a ModelBuilder for process chaining. Existing and forthcoming tools along with on-going research cases will be used to illustrate the automation challenges, such as defining rules, recognizing certain patterns and contexts, and producing topologically correct output with feedback for evaluation and post-processing. Sample generalization models will also be presented.

Dan Lee, ESRI, 380 New York St., Redlands, CA, 92373-8100, Tel: 909-793-2853, dlee@esri.com

Paul Hardy, ESRI, 380 New York St., Redlands, CA, 92373-8100, phardy@esri.com

International Cartographic Association
A Coruña, Spain
Palexco Convention and Exhibition Center

ArcGIS is professional Geographic Information Systems (GIS) software produced by Environmental Systems Research Institute (ESRI), Inc. of the United States of America. This software facilitates map design by giving users the ability to easily layout maps for printing, embedding in other documents, or electronic publishing.

This paper explores a sample of the different tools available in ArcGIS 9 for the purpose of creating professional maps. These tools are not only present as interactive cartographic tools in ArcMap but also as geoprocessing tools in ArcToolbox that can be utilized for automation of cartographic enhancement.

Some examples of what can be done include using geoprocessing tools to enhance the visibility of contour labels or the non ambiguous display of overlapping linear symbology; using tools, which were originally designed for analysis tasks, to enhance the figure-ground of the land-water masses; creating generalized renditions of features for use in smaller scale maps; processing raster data in ArcMap, ArcToolbox, and the Spatial Analyst extension to provide cartographically suitable three-dimensional (3D) background for the map to enhance visualization of the terrain; and tools for labeling and annotation, including the use of both the Standard and the Maplex label engines.

Makram Murad-al-shaikh, ESRI, 380 New York St., Redlands, CA, 92373-8100, Tel: 909-793-2853, mmurad@esri.com

ICA Generalization Workshop 2005
A Coruña, Spain
Palexco Convention and Exhibition Center

The introduction of new capabilities for multiple cartographic representations and overrides within a GIS database opens up alternative approaches to cartographic production. Many cartographic production organizations have expressed a strategy of building a Digital Landscape Model (DLM) in a central database, and from that deriving a range of cartographic products. To do this efficiently will require generalization tools and mechanisms for handling the Digital Cartographic Models (DCM) including multiple representations. It will also require a framework for controlling the flow of data from DLM to DCM, including updates.

This paper provides an update on a project presently underway at ESRI to implement high-quality cartography with multiple representations in the database, including override mechanisms that empower the cartographer to modify individual feature representations without affecting the master DLM data. It then relates that to ongoing development to provide efficient generalization processes and a robust framework for such DLM/DCM data derivation.

Paul Hardy, ESRI, 380 New York St., Redlands, CA, 92373-8100, phardy@esri.com

Dan Lee, ESRI, 380 New York St., Redlands, CA, 92373-8100, Tel: 909-793-2853, dlee@esri.com

Association of American Geographers Annual Meeting
Denver, Colorado, USA
Adam's Mark Hotel

This paper describes the content of a data model for creating reference or base maps using GIS. Displayed in concert on the base map are a variety of themes, such as: boundaries, hydrography, hypsography, cultural features, surface cover, and transportation. We expanded our model to include other themes that one might find on USGS topographic maps, including the Public Land Survey System, physiography and an image base. Each of these themes offers unique challenges for data modeling and mapping. From a practical standpoint, data management and manipulation can enable these data to support semi-automated map production using GIS. From an academic standpoint, the categorization and characterization of the features within themes offers other insights as well, especially when examining changes in the data content and structure between scales. The data model we constructed is the result of examining the types of features shown on USGS maps at all scales at which they are produced, from 1:24,000 to 1:2,000,000. A number of semantic differences in the data model arise because of spatial scale. When considering the various sources of the data, the types of features mapped at any scale offer a sense of what the agency priorities and mission are. Additionally, the volume and diversity of entries in each theme at various scales may provide insight into which geographic processes ought to be evident in a range of scales. This in turn may lead to guidelines for such cartographic abstraction processes as feature simplification, typification, aggregation, classification and so on.

Aileen R. Buckley, ESRI, 380 New York St., Redlands, CA, 92373-8100, Tel: 909-793-2853, abuckley@esri.com

Charlie Frye, ESRI, 380 New York St., Redlands, CA, 92373-8100, Tel: 909-793-2853, cfrye@esri.com

Barbara P. Buttenfield, Department of Geography, UCB 260, University of Colorado-Boulder, Boulder, CO, 80309-0260, Tel: 303-492-3618, babs@colorado.edu

Torrin Hultgren, UCB 260, University of Colorado-Boulder, 80309-0260

AutoCarto 2005 (in conjunction with ACSM)
Las Vegas, Nevada, USA
The Riviera Hotel and Casino

This paper presents an information model that describes maps and informs the definition of GIS databases to support automated map production. When GIS databases are constructed primarily for the inventory and analysis of geographic phenomena, the data requirements for map production are often not considered until after the data have been already been compiled. The resulting maps and production processes are therefore often approached by cobbling together the map data from any available GIS database. We present an alternative approach that considers the map requirements from the outset, then defines the unique characteristics and requirements for the GIS data to support mapping, as well as the process models to create the maps. Our information model is derived from a communication model that encompasses traditional cartographic design and production processes to transform information about the geographic environment to geospatial data to maps. It defines rules for cartographic abstraction, symbology and labeling, graphic refinements (e.g., legibility, visual contrast, hierarchical organization, visual balance), and map compilation. We tested our information model using a multi-scale GIS database to produce various map products. From our research, we find that the information model must be flexible so as to reflect the individualistic approaches of map makers in their design and compilation processes.

Aileen R. Buckley, ESRI, 380 New York St., Redlands, CA, 92373-8100, Tel: 909-793-2853, abuckley@esri.com

Charlie Frye, ESRI, 380 New York St., Redlands, CA, 92373-8100, Tel: 909-793-2853, cfrye@esri.com

Barbara P. Buttenfield, Department of Geography, UCB 260, University of Colorado-Boulder, Boulder, CO, 80309-0260, Tel: 303-492-3618, babs@colorado.edu

Torrin Hultgren, UCB 260, University of Colorado-Boulder, 80309-0260

AutoCarto 2005 (in conjunction with ACSM)
Las Vegas, Nevada, USA
The Riviera Hotel and Casino

The demand for a single, detailed cartographic database that supports map representations at multiple scales and for multiple purposes continues to challenge the discipline. Throughout the database life cycle, derived representations intermix with original compilation, making it difficult to distinguish data capture from data abstraction. As a consequence, database features that persist across compilation scales may vary in geometry, dimensionality, and singularity. Currently, most GIS and map production systems offer only minimal software support for linked multi-scale data management. Linkages between complex data representations can be established only on simple attributes (e.g., object IDs or timestamps). This paper presents relational database architecture to link representations and unify mapping at multiple scales and for multiple purposes. The architecture is being developed by empirical investigation and comparison of existing federal agency map series databases, and by systematic experimentation with cartographic abstraction and generalization applied to these data. Current work involves DLG and DIGEST data dictionaries for geographical footprints in Texas and in California. The separation of captured and derived data follows European work practice that captures data within Digital Landscape Models (DLM), and derives data from the DLM to a series of Digital Cartographic Model (DCM) databases for targeted scales and purposes.

Barbara P. Buttenfield, Department of Geography, UCB 260, University of Colorado-Boulder, Boulder, CO, 80309-0260, Tel: 303-492-3618, babs@colorado.edu

Torrin Hultgren, UCB 260, University of Colorado-Boulder, 80309-0260

AutoCarto 2005 (in conjunction with ACSM)
Las Vegas, Nevada, USA
The Riviera Hotel and Casino

Geographic information systems centered on relational databases are a powerful and proven way to collect, store, and analyze geographic data. Such systems are also used to produce cartographic products including maps and mapping datasets. However, existing mapping systems built on GIS databases fail to fully leverage relational database technology, mainly because most systems store geographic information—geometry and attributes—in the relational database, but store map definition and symbolization information in separate files. Also, map symbolization is accomplished by applying rules that assign symbology to sets of categorized features, a system that is seen by many cartographers as being too restrictive in not allowing one to interactively change individual cartographic graphic representations.

This paper proposes a GIS-based cartographic production system where cartographic information is stored with GIS data in the relational database. A system whereby dynamic cartographic symbolization and geometry processing rules are stored in ESRI's geodatabase is described. The representation of features is achieved initially by applying these sets of rules without manual intervention. The system then affords the cartographer the freedom to intervene and override any representation. Such overrides can take the form of changes to symbolization as well as geometry.

Paul Hardy, ESRI, 380 New York St., Redlands, CA, 92373-8100, phardy@esri.com

Cory Eicher, ESRI, 380 New York St., Redlands, CA, 92373-8100, c.eicher@esri.ch

Marc-Olivier Briat, ESRI, 380 New York St., Redlands, CA, 92373-8100, mbriat@esri.com

Thierry Kressmann, ESRI, 380 New York St., Redlands, CA, 92373-8100

North American Cartographic Information Society
Portland, Maine, USA
Holiday Inn by the Bay

Remaining in the GIS environment during map production has many advantages but requires that an increasing range of cartographic effects and graphic design tools be embedded in the software. For example, cartographers want to position and curve type precisely; break lines for type over complex backgrounds; clarify precise overpass, underpass, and merge relationships in complex road interchanges; associate multiple labels with individual point features; and control the way dashes and multiple lines interact with shape, intersection and overlay. We challenged a group of graduate students at Penn State with a series of compact design problems, with the goal of deciding "When do you bail?" The students received a project with data and styles prepared to the point where a cartographic problem needed to be solved. For example, a set of lines for a complex highway cloverleaf were symbolized but did not have correct merging or overpass/underpass relationships established. The students also received a .PDF showing the final result that could be accomplished in ArcGIS 9.0. Their challenge, with hints, was to accomplish that final result by staying in the ArcGIS environment as long as they could. For this highway interchange problem, the solution involves advanced symbol-level drawing using an added road-level attribute. We will reflect on the students' responses to learning these advanced cartographic tools as we also highlight some new and hard to find cartographic option in the software.

Cynthia A. Brewer, Department of Geography, 302 Walker Building, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, Tel: 814-865-5072, cbrewer@psu.edu

North American Cartographic Information Society
Portland, Maine, USA
Holiday Inn by the Bay

At last year's conference, we asked the NACIS community to consider the how cartographic requirements might inform the development of GIS data models. At this year's conference, we will show the conceptual and practical work we have accomplished in this area. Automating the mapping process in a GIS environment requires that the data are well modeled not only for typical GIS applications relating to data management and analysis but also for map compilation and production. To that end, the map product helps to drive the modeling as much as it does the production process. Data modeling for geographic inventory and analysis is being undertaken in large mapping agencies throughout the world. This modeling effort should not be undertaken without the input of cartographers since one of the primarily functions of these agencies is to provide map products and data that can be used for mapping by users.

However, cartographers are often thought of and often think of themselves as peripheral players in the GIS arena. This need not and indeed should not be the case for without direction from cartographers, GIS databases will not be able to support map production requirements. In fact, the map products should drive the data modeling process -- working backwards from the product to the data specification reduces unnecessary detail and assures an efficient database design. All too often, however, the map is only considered after the data are collected. This presentation demonstrates a map-based approach to GIS data modeling to support the automation of map production.

Aileen R. Buckley, ESRI, 380 New York St., Redlands, CA, 92373-8100, Tel: 909-793-2853, abuckley@esri.com

North American Cartographic Information Society
Portland, Maine, USA
Holiday Inn by the Bay

NA

Barbara P. Buttenfield, Department of Geography, UCB 260, University of Colorado-Boulder, Boulder, CO, 80309-0260, Tel: 303-492-3618, babs@colorado.edu

North American Cartographic Information Society
Portland, Maine, USA
Holiday Inn by the Bay

Making a modern map with modern tools like GIS to depict historical events is a challenge in many ways. Even when historical documentation and maps exist and are rich with information, they do not easily translate into a digital analogy. This session will focus on using hand-drawn period maps to create a digital landscape of the Boston, Massachusetts area just before the Battle of Bunker Hill in June of 1775. The coastline and terrain of Boston and Charleston have changed a great deal since that fateful day when one of the bloodiest battles in American history took place. A young British officer, Lieutenant Thomas Hyde Page, executed three maps that were used to create Boston in a time when the Back Bay was a bay. In particular, this session will cover how to create a terrain model that depicts natural and built shorelines for large scale maps.

Charlie Frye, ESRI, 380 New York St., Redlands, CA, 92373-8100, Tel: 909-793-2853, cfrye@esri.com

North American Cartographic Information Society
Portland, Maine, USA
Holiday Inn by the Bay

A quintessential feature of many topographic and reference maps are the place names, but not just that they're on the map, but how they have been draped, slung, splayed, or settled on the map. The ability to get this information on the map separates the amateurs from the professionals and for now keeps GIS on the outside of some circles of cartographic excellence. This session will cover the data modeling necessities for building GIS data that fully describe these essential geographic features. In particular, the idea that a coordinate pair, as typically appears in names indexes, does not begin to adequately describe how and where to put names on maps for these kinds of places.

Charlie Frye, ESRI, 380 New York St., Redlands, CA, 92373-8100, Tel: 909-793-2853, cfrye@esri.com

24th Annual ESRI International User Conference
San Diego, California, USA
San Diego Convention Center

Since much of the time and effort performing comprehensive GIS analysis results in some form of a map, this seminar will focus on the fundamental principles of cartographic design and how to achieve good cartographic quality using ArcMap. The objective will be to create well designed, high quality maps that communicate well and are useful to the map reader. This will involve learning what should be included in a good map, what to avoid placing on the map, how to symbolize a map, and how to annotate it for fast reading.

This seminar will include delivery of basic cartographic design principles coupled with a map critique exercise. Demonstrations will be incorporated that illustrate how to achieve good cartographic representation of data using ArcMap. Diverse topics will include how to symbolize fuzzy boundaries, roads and terrain, using transparencies, color ramps and color schemes, creating coastal vignettes, using imagery and photographs as map backgrounds, qualitative and quantitative thematic mapping, and annotation.

Makram Murad-al-shaikh, ESRI, 380 New York St., Redlands, CA, 92373-8100, Tel: 909-793-2853, mmurad@esri.com

Aileen R. Buckley, ESRI, 380 New York St., Redlands, CA, 92373-8100, Tel: 909-793-2853, abuckley@esri.com

24th Annual ESRI International User Conference
San Diego, California, USA
San Diego Convention Center

This session will give an in-depth coverage of advanced display and finishing effects in ArcMap. Topics include hill shading, combining raster and vector data, transparency, and also the new 9.0 functionality for Symbol Levels and Masking.

Aileen R. Buckley, ESRI, 380 New York St., Redlands, CA, 92373-8100, Tel: 909-793-2853, abuckley@esri.com

David Barnes, ESRI, 380 New York St., Redlands, CA, 92373-8100, Tel: 909-793-2853, dbarnes@esri.com

24th Annual ESRI International User Conference
San Diego, California, USA
San Diego Convention Center

A base map is a cartographic representation of various reference themes, such as hydrography, hypsography, boundaries and cultural features, all shown in the context of a single display. Base maps can vary greatly since the substance and symbolization of the base map is a function of its scale and its intended use. To demonstrate how the content, symbols and relationships between features on a base map changes with scale and purpose, a data model that supports multiscale, multiuse representations has been developed. This presentation provides information on the digital cartographic data model and the digital landscape model from which it is derived.

Charlie Frye, ESRI, 380 New York St., Redlands, CA, 92373-8100, Tel: 909-793-2853, cfrye@esri.com

Aileen R. Buckley, ESRI, 380 New York St., Redlands, CA, 92373-8100, Tel: 909-793-2853, abuckley@esri.com

American Congress on Surveying and Mapping - TAPS Conference and Technology Exhibition
Nashville, Tennessee, USA
Nashville Convention Center

Atlases are changing and atlas mapping in the 21st century will only faintly resemble atlas mapping in the past. New media, new technologies, and new expectations all contribute to the changing face of atlas mapping.

The paper paradigm of maps and atlases has pervaded recent cartographic history. By nature, that paradigm serves, as well as defines, a specific audience in terms of use and presentation. In the lab and at the printing press, the paper paradigm demands certain design and production flows that will drastically change through evolutions in data structures, mapmaking techniques, and presentation methods.

Technological transformations in mapping influence much of this change. The implications for the creation and distribution of atlases are significant. With that in mind, this poster illustrates issues that relate to the technological evolution of atlases from paper to digital products: the distinction between paper and digital products and services and the implications of that distinction for atlas design - particularly for Web-based services; facilitating data and its application to the evolution of map/atlas products; and redefining what we mean by "atlas" and the "audience" for an atlas.

There are a number of interesting issues relating to such a named features data model. First, it is inherently multi-scale and may be used to create many different maps. This requires that non-point features be captured as polygons and the text be placed dynamically within the extent of the polygon at the scale mapped. There is also an interesting question of the mereological relationships between features – that is, the relationships of parts to the whole. What features are included in a mountain range, and when does a gulf stop being a gulf and become an ocean? Additionally, there is the more pragmatic question of how to capture these features for inclusion in the GIS database. Is it sufficient to digitize the apparent extent from existing maps, can local knowledge be used to define more precisely the extent, or can computation methods be used to generate features such as hills, valleys, canyons and ridges using DEMs and other digital source data?

Aileen R. Buckley, ESRI, 380 New York St., Redlands, CA, 92373-8100, Tel: 909-793-2853, abuckley@esri.com

American Congress on Surveying and Mapping - TAPS Conference and Technology Exhibition
Nashville, Tennessee, USA
Nashville Convention Center

A panel discussion on ICA and USNC with a small group of people who have attended ICA meetings talking about their experiences.

Participants:

• Aileen R. Buckley, ESRI, Inc
• Joshua Comenetz, University of Florida
• Brooks Pearson, State University of West Georgia
• Rex Cammack, Southwest Missouri State University
• Judy Olsen, Michigan State University, Organizer

Aileen R. Buckley, ESRI, 380 New York St., Redlands, CA, 92373-8100, Tel: 909-793-2853, abuckley@esri.com

Association of American Geographers Centennial Meeting
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
Marriott Philadelphia-Downtown

Creating realistic and pleasing land surface representations in the past was very difficult, and masters of this cartographic art form were an elite group of people able to combine artistic talents with the rigidity that cartography required. Master works included the panoramas of the late Austrian cartographer Heinrich Berann, depictions of mountainous terrains by Swiss cartographer Eduard Imhof, hand-painted atlas plates by Tibor Toth and John Bonner of National Geographic, and commercial maps by USGS cartographer Hal Shelton. More recently, Tom Patterson of the National Park Service has developed land mapping techniques for the digital domain. The works of these c'art'ists represent some of the best of the traditional approaches to realistic land surface representation.

In this presentation, we discuss the use of GIS for the creation of the high quality effects that these noted masters achieved either by hand or more recently with graphics software packages. We also discuss the need to consider the terrain being mapped along with the use of the map. Many GIS users have become familiar with techniques for hillshading and layer tinting using DEMs and GIS software. We discuss methods to alter terrain mapping techniques based on the requirements prescribed by the type of map being created as well as the type of terrain being represented. Specifically, in this presentation, we review some of the more common modifications to the hillshading algorithms and we introduce common layer tinting schemes. In addition, we discuss the use of hillshading and layer tinting for diverse types of terrains, demonstrating how certain algorithms and tints are better suited to certain topographic regions. We also discuss how to modify techniques to create different visual impressions – for example, the techniques for a map that shows terrain as the central theme are different from those that represent terrain as a base map for other themes. We demonstrate these terrain mapping modifications with examples from around the world and for maps of various types.

Keywords: hillshading, layer tinting, terrain mapping

Aileen R. Buckley, ESRI, 380 New York St., Redlands, CA, 92373-8100, Tel: 909-793-2853, abuckley@esri.com

David Barnes, ESRI, 380 New York St., Redlands, CA, 92373-8100, Tel: 909-793-2853, dbarnes@esri.com

Charlie Frye, ESRI, 380 New York St., Redlands, CA, 92373-8100, Tel: 909-793-2853, cfrye@esri.com

Association of American Geographers Centennial Meeting
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
Marriott Philadelphia-Downtown

This session is devoted to a discussion of diversity among professionals and students in cartography, GIS and the other mapping sciences. While women in computing are well represented, women in GIS, surveying, remote sensing and the other mapping sciences may not reflect the national trends for computer science. Minorities make up an even more underrepresented segment of the student and professional population in these areas. National reports confirm that minorities and women are "underused resources" in the natural sciences and engineering; can the same be said of GIScience? With the advancement of GIS from systems to science, this becomes a more critical issue for discussion. Understanding the academic issues for improving the climate for undergraduate and graduate students can allow us to have more dramatic impact on the number of students trained for careers in GIScience in the future. Understanding the needs of employers for talented graduates helps us to see the role of science as a contributor to U.S. economic growth. And understanding the political and bureaucratic climate for supporting and promoting diversity within national and other governmental organizations can allow us to envision the development of workforce culture that supports and promotes diversity in GIScience.

In this session, representatives from federal agencies, the university community, and industry weigh in with an emphasis on discussion aimed at potentials and pitfalls for broadening participation among underrepresented groups within GIScience.

Participants:

• Aileen R. Buckley, ESRI, Inc
• Ute Dymon, Kent State University, Organizer
• Hamilton Smillie, NOAA
• Timothy Trainor, Bureau of Census
• Dawn Wright, Oregon State University

Aileen R. Buckley, ESRI, 380 New York St., Redlands, CA, 92373-8100, Tel: 909-793-2853, abuckley@esri.com

North American Cartographic Information Society
Jacksonville, Florida, USA
Radisson Riverwalk Hotel

Today, nearly all cartography is derived at some level from GIS databases. Databases provide many advantages for spatial data management and analysis, but the database itself has not been used to any great extent for cartography. With the development of object-oriented geodatabases, the potential for "intelligent cartography", or maps that know "how to draw themselves" is increasing. Cartographic data models leverage the geodatabase for cartographic purposes – these models provide pragmatic tools for helping to define cartographic information in the database. They specify not only the GIS features in the database but also the specifications for how the features should be drawn on the map at particular scales. Of course, these specifications are a function of the final map product. Basemaps, for example, are compiled from various themes, but they also contain reference information, map elements, and page layout design. All of these could be defined in the cartographic data model along with rules for how they will be rendered at particular scales. The advantages of this approach to projects with many maps of a similar design for various extents (such as the USGS map series) are fairly obvious, but even more limited projects could benefit from the formalization of the mapping process and the rules for symbolization and layout. If a map that could draw most of itself, the cartographer would be free to focus on exceptions to the rules. Before cartographers can harness the power of geodatabases for mapping purposes, it is first necessary to become more knowledgeable about cartographic data models and more skillful working with them. This presentation introduces concepts relating to a cartographic data model and demonstrates related techniques with a multi-scale basemap geodatabase.

Keywords: cartographic data model, geodatabase, intelligent cartography

Aileen R. Buckley, ESRI, 380 New York St., Redlands, CA, 92373-8100, Tel: 909-793-2853, abuckley@esri.com

North American Cartographic Information Society
Jacksonville, Florida, USA
Radisson Riverwalk Hotel

Interactive digital maps have become part of everyday culture; these maps give anybody with access to the Internet a map of any scale, any location, and unfortunately many levels of quality. Only a very few of these Internet applications make use of a map that is cartographically designed, appealing, and relevant at any scale of use. The reason so few of these good examples exist is that the design of such a map is complex. The reason for such complexity is that many different kinds of data, transportation, hydrography, cultural, etc., are represented and these data are not captured at the same scales or with the same purposes-leading to graphical data integration issues. The cartographer who makes such a map must do a lot of work and data processing to make the map work by subtly interleaving layers of information. Most cartographers are familiar with the idea behind what must be done, but this idea is really an over-simplification or an obfuscation of what really must be done in terms of filtering and layering data and text to create that seamless portrayal of geographic information at any scale. The form of this layering and filtering is important and is distinctly different than the style of cartographic representation that might be used on any given map. Cartographers making multi-scale maps for the Internet need to understand this form and be able to adapt it to the specific requirements of the cartographic style their maps use.

Keywords: ArcMap, Multi-Scale Cartography, Internet

Charlie Frye, ESRI, 380 New York St., Redlands, CA, 92373-8100, Tel: 909-793-2853, cfrye@esri.com

21st International Cartographic Conference
Durban, South Africa
International Convention Centre

Atlases are changing. This paper discusses in part "from where" and "into what". It also has to do with "how we get there from here". This discussion envelops an important re-definition of atlases at the most rudimentary level. Most of us are familiar with the paper paradigm of maps and atlases. By nature, that paradigm serves, as well as defines, a specific audience in terms of use and presentation. In the lab and at the printing press, the paper paradigm demands certain design and production flows that will drastically change through evolutions in data structures, techniques, and presentation methods.

Technological transformations in mapping dictate much of this change, and the implications for the creation and distribution of atlases is significant. With that in mind this paper addresses a number of issues that relate to the technological evolution of atlases from paper to digital products: the distinction between paper and digital products and services and the implications of that distinction for atlas design -- particularly for Web-based services; facilitating data and its application to the evolution of map/atlas products; and redefinition of "atlas" and the "audience" for an atlas.

Aileen R. Buckley, ESRI, 380 New York St., Redlands, CA, 92373-8100, Tel: 909-793-2853, abuckley@esri.com

James Meacham, Department of Geography, 1251 University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, 97403-1251, Tel: 541-346-5788, jmeacham@uoregon.edu

Erik Steiner, Department of Geography, 1251 University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, 97403-1251

21st International Cartographic Conference
Durban, South Africa
International Convention Centre

GIS databases contain classes of features that are representations of real world phenomena; and GIS and mapping software provide a means for encapsulating that information within a map. Typically ancillary cartographic information like legends, scale bars, graticules, text, etc. have been stored outside of the database within documents or as instructions in a program that reconstructs the map each time it is needed. As more mapping agencies and organizations move in the direction of centralized data holdings, the decentralized nature of traditional cartography will cause inconvenient management constraints. ESRI has spent the last year developing technology for storing this cartographic information within a traditional centralized DBMS structure. This allows cartographic information to be managed far more effectively than current methods permit. One of the chief values of this technology is the ability to keep cartographic products constantly up to date, i.e., each time a map is produced the most current information is used. This technology also allows for changes to the cartographic standard to be instantly applied to all products that use the standard. Another way to describe this topic is making the leap from database-derived cartographic information (passive) to database-driven cartographic information (active).

Charlie Frye, ESRI, 380 New York St., Redlands, CA, 92373-8100, Tel: 909-793-2853, cfrye@esri.com

Cory Eicher, ESRI, 380 New York St., Redlands, CA, 92373-8100, c.eicher@esri.ch

21st International Cartographic Conference
Durban, South Africa
International Convention Centre

NA

Makram Murad-al-shaikh, ESRI, 380 New York St., Redlands, CA, 92373-8100, Tel: 909-793-2853, mmurad@esri.com

23rd Annual ESRI International User Conference
San Diego, California, USA
San Diego Convention Center

In this session, we will discuss the basics of composing a map in a layout given a set of symbolized data layers. Topics we will touch on include: creating and working with graphical and map elements, and techniques for making the most of your time and work by using map templates, symbols, and map elements. A variety of common options will be covered for a variety of map elements, including: legends, north arrows and scale bars. Specific attention will be given to showing the best of methods for efficiently creating and maintaining maps.

Aileen R. Buckley, ESRI, 380 New York St., Redlands, CA, 92373-8100, Tel: 909-793-2853, abuckley@esri.com

David Barnes, ESRI, 380 New York St., Redlands, CA, 92373-8100, Tel: 909-793-2853, dbarnes@esri.com

23rd Annual ESRI International User Conference
San Diego, California, USA
San Diego Convention Center

In this session, we will discuss the basics of composing a map in a layout given a set of symbolized data layers. Topics we will touch on include: creating and working with graphical and map elements, and techniques for making the most of your time and work by using map templates, symbols, and map elements. A variety of common options will be covered for a variety of map elements, including: legends, north arrows and scale bars. Specific attention will be given to showing the best of methods for efficiently creating and maintaining maps.

Charlie Frye, ESRI, 380 New York St., Redlands, CA, 92373-8100, Tel: 909-793-2853, cfrye@esri.com

Aileen R. Buckley, ESRI, 380 New York St., Redlands, CA, 92373-8100, Tel: 909-793-2853, abuckley@esri.com

23rd Annual ESRI International User Conference
San Diego, California, USA
San Diego Convention Center

Application of landscape textures can add life and realism to cartographic visualizations and presentations. "Bump mapping" is a term used in 3D graphic programs to refer to perturbating an object's surface with textures and patterns. These perturbations or "bumps" add tremendous realism to the object and to the visualization. This same principle can be applied in a GIS setting to add realism and interest to the presentation. Arcview Spatial Analyst can be an effective tool for this process. This presentation will illustrate how to use Archview Spatial Analyst to create interesting and realistic textures for characterizing different landscape types for purposes of visualization. At least one case study will be demonstrated.

Jeff Nighbert, Bureau of Land Management, Oregon State Office 955.2, 333 SW 1st Avenue, Portland, OR, 97204, Tel: 503- 808-6399, Jeff_Nighbert@blm.gov

Association of American Geographers Annual Meeting
New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
Hyatt Regency New Orleans

NA

Charlie Frye, ESRI, 380 New York St., Redlands, CA, 92373-8100, Tel: 909-793-2853, cfrye@esri.com

Aileen R. Buckley, ESRI, 380 New York St., Redlands, CA, 92373-8100, Tel: 909-793-2853, abuckley@esri.com

22nd Annual ESRI International User Conference
San Diego, California, USA
San Diego Convention Center

Shaded or "painted" relief backdrops add tremendous visual interest and value to cartographic products. The addition of relief backdrops to maps has proven to be an effective technique for portraying realistic landscapes and geographical situations, and it is widely practiced in cartography today. However, the beautifully smoothed and colored shaded relief surfaces commonly seen as "backdrops" on many maps often do not reveal the true character of the ground being shown. By enhancing painted or shaded relief with textures and materials, more realistic information can be displayed. This provides map users with a better sense of the geographical situation present in the map. The information required to develop these geographic textures and materials can be derived from a number of widely available digital sources including digital aerial photography, satellite imagery and other GIS thematic data. Incorporation of this additional information is desirable and possible while still maintaining visual balance and readability. This presentation will discuss the concepts and philosophy behind the use of "geographic textures and materials." It will also provide a step-by-step application example showing how landscape-based textures and materials can be applied to cartographic backdrops using ArcGIS to create a dramatic, interesting, and informational cartographic presentation.

Jeff Nighbert, Bureau of Land Management, Oregon State Office 955.2, 333 SW 1st Avenue, Portland, OR, 97204, Tel: 503- 808-6399, Jeff_Nighbert@blm.gov

ICA Mountain Cartography Workshop
Mount Hood, Oregon, USA
Timberline Lodge

Shaded or "painted" relief backdrops can add tremendous visual interest and value to cartographic products. Relief backdrops have proven to be an effective method for portraying realistic landscapes and geographical situations. This technique is widely practiced in cartography today. However, the beautifully smoothed and colored shaded relief surfaces commonly portrayed as "backdrops" on many maps often do not reveal additional information widely available through interpreted satellite imagery or other geographical sources. This subtle, yet important information can be brought to life through "bump mapping". In traditional 3d graphics applications, bump mapping is defined as a process that interprets changes in an object's surface luminance or color values and modifies elevations on the objects surface accordingly. Bump mapping for cartographic purposes is the process of combining surface materials and landscape textures with tinted thematic information to create an illusion of texture on surface relief. Satellite imagery, such as Landsat Panchromatic 15 meter data, is a good source for "bump mapping" vegetation and land cover themes, since the satellite measures the surface reflectance and texture of the Earth's surface materials. This presentation will demonstrate the application of bump mapping for mountain cartography and present several hard copy posters for viewing.

Jeff Nighbert, Bureau of Land Management, Oregon State Office 955.2, 333 SW 1st Avenue, Portland, OR, 97204, Tel: 503- 808-6399, Jeff_Nighbert@blm.gov

ICA Mountain Cartography Workshop
Mount Hood, Oregon, USA
Timberline Lodge

The "Moon Illusion" has been a topic of wonder and debate for many centuries. It is described in early Chinese and Greek writings. Most people see the "moon illusion" when the moon is next to the horizon, because it appears much larger than it does when it is high overhead in the sky. Though scientists concerned with this phenomena continue to theorize the causes, there is no denying that most people experience this illusion. But what does that mean for panoramists and 3d nature visualists? If the moon illusion is true, then it would follow that any prominatory, such as a singular mountain peak may suffer from the same exaggerated perceptions? If we "see" mountain peaks much larger than they really are, then should this exaggerated perception be carried forward into panoramic and virtual views of the landscape? This presentation will review popular "moon illusion" theories and then discuss how they would apply to visualization techniques and mapping applications in mountain cartography.

Jeff Nighbert, Bureau of Land Management, Oregon State Office 955.2, 333 SW 1st Avenue, Portland, OR, 97204, Tel: 503- 808-6399, Jeff_Nighbert@blm.gov

19th Annual ESRI International User Conference
San Diego, California, USA
San Diego Convention Center

One of the most effective ways to communicate the lay of the land is through a beautiful "painted" relief map. When the geography of an area is presented in this fashion, map users can gain a deeper understanding of the makeup of a region at a single glance. Beautiful "colorized" relief maps are also more interesting and thought provoking than traditional maps and are a necessity for presenting the complex situations that arise when providing maps used for Natural Resources and Land Management projects and research. However, there has been reluctance to require or ask for relief maps because of the perception that they are difficult or expensive to produce. Even today, the methods for creation of colorized relief backdrops for maps is not readily apparent in many "out of the box" geographic information systems (GIS), even ArcInfo!

This presentation discussed how beautiful and interesting painted relief maps are created at the Bureau of Land Management offices in Washington and Oregon using a variety of Arc Macro Language (AML) programs. These programs have made colorized terrain maps cheap, quick and easy to create.

Jeff Nighbert, Bureau of Land Management, Oregon State Office 955.2, 333 SW 1st Avenue, Portland, OR, 97204, Tel: 503- 808-6399, Jeff_Nighbert@blm.gov

University of Redlands
Masters of Science in GIS Program
Spring 2009 Workshop
Redlands, California

This workshop focuses on the concepts and techniques involved in creating mono- and multicolor cartographic displays of the terrain as seen in plan view. You will learn about the freely-available sources of DEM data used to create terrain displays and how to transform these raw data onto a map projection surface through raster resampling. We will then show you the principles behind analytical hillshading and give you several tips for creating attractive shadings. You will next learn about hypsometric tinting schemes and how to combine tinting with hillshading. We will then examine more advanced techniques such as Swiss and MDOW hillshading, bump mapping, and combining vegetation category data with hillshading. You will then see how to create an appropriate legend for your displays using ArcGIS. The workshop will conclude with tips on outputting and printing the terrain displays that you create in one of several graphic output formats. The workshop is structured around short lectures followed by laboratory exercises using ArcGIS. Following the workshop, we would like you to create a final project map that combines what you learned in the workshop with a topic of special interest to you. The agenda is as follows:

• Lecture – Introduction PPT (0.4MB)
• Exercise – Enabling the Spatial Analyst Extension DOC (0.4MB)
• Lecture – DEM Data Sources PPT (6.6MB)
• Exercise – Working with Etopo2 Data DOC (0.4MB)
• Lecture – Datum Transformations PPT (6.5MB)
• Lecture – Raster Resampling PPT (0.3MB)
• Exercise – Projecting the Etopo2 Data DOC (0.8MB)
• Lecture – Hillshading and Layer Tinting PPT (4.7MB)
• Exercise – Creating a Hillshade DOC (1.8MB)
• Exercise – Contrast Stretching a Hillshade DOC (1.8MB)
• Exercise – Setting the Display Resampling Method DOC (1.8MB)
• Exercise – Layer Tinting the Hillshade Using Classified Values DOC (1.6MB)
• Exercise – Displaying the Layer Tint Over the Hillshade DOC (1.6MB)
• Lecture – Advanced Hillshading and Layer Tinting Techniques PPT (1.7MB)
• Exercise – Creating a Swiss Hillshade DOC (0.9MB)
• Exercise – Displaying a Swiss Hillshade DOC (0.9MB)
• Exercise – Modifying the Color Ramps DOC (0.9MB)
• Exercise – Creating an MDOW Hillshade DOC (0.9MB)
• Exercise – Combining the Swiss & MDOW Hillshades DOC (0.9MB)
• Exercise – Symbolizing the Crater Lake Bathymetry DOC (0.9MB)
• Exercise – Creating a Blue-Yellow Hillshade DOC (0.9MB)
• Lecture – Terrain Representation Legends PPT (1.6MB)
• Exercise – Create a Terrain Representation Legend DOC (1.1MB)
• Lecture – Bump Mapping PPT (6.8MB)
• Exercise – Create a Bump Map DOC (2.9MB)
• Lecture – Printing and Outputting PPT (1.5MB)
• Exercise – Flattening the Rasters DOC (1.3MB)
• Exercise – Finishing Your Map DOC (0.6MB)
• Lecture – Conclusion ZIP (15.8MB)
• Lecture – Final Project PPT (0.3MB)

Prerequisite: None

Level: Beginning

A. Jon Kimerling, Department of Geosciences, 104 Wilkinson Hall, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331-5506, Tel: 541-737-1201, kimerlia@science.oregonstate.edu

Aileen R. Buckley, ESRI, 380 New York St., Redlands, CA, 92373-8100, Tel: 909-793-2853, abuckley@esri.com

American Congress on Surveying and Mapping & Land Surveyors Association of Washington
Spokane, WA, USA
Spokane Convention Center

Making communicative and attractive maps can be challenging if you are not sure of the software capabilities or the concepts behind some of the tricks and techniques that professional cartographers use. In this workshop, you will learn how you to tackle some of the challenges you have run into that prevent your maps from looking their best. A primary focus will be on understanding the message that the map is intended to communicate and consideration of the target audience (bosses, clients, boards of commissioners, the public, etc.), as well as the medium used to present the map (paper, projection, computer screen). Then we will discuss methods that can be used to efficiently and effectively convey that message to your map readers.

This workshop will focus on the use of mapping software (such as ArcGIS or Autodesk Map) to make your maps more informative and appealing. Cartographic principles and practices will be explored that relate to map compilation, symbology, labeling, and page layout. Design principles such as visual hierarchy, visual contrast, visual flow, figure-ground, balance and legibility will be discussed and techniques for achieving desirable results will be presented. Tips and tricks for map compilation will focus on the selection, generalization and classification methods used to weave the data together into the fabric of the map. Symbology and labeling methods and practices will be reviewed and tricks to achieve professional looking results will be presented. In our discussion of page layout, we will explore some of the decisions that relate to the arrangement of map elements (scale bars, titles, text blocks, legends, etc) on the page. Finally, we will demonstrate how all of these together relate to making the map communicate the message to your audience. The agenda is as follows:

• Introduction PDF (0.1MB)
• What is a Good Map? PDF (2.8MB)
• How to Fix a Bad Map PDF (1.6MB)
• Exercise 1 – Map Critique PDF (0.6MB)
• Cartographic Design Principles PDF (1.0MB)
• Symbology PDF (5.1MB)
• Exercise 2 – Symbology PDF (0.3MB)
• Map Elements PDF (1.2MB)
• Type PDF (0.8MB)

Participants are encouraged to bring examples of their work to share with others – examination of these works will be used to explore the design and technical decisions detailed above.

Participants in this workshop will include GIS analysts, cartographers, surveyors and other map makers who need to create effective maps of their scientific or statistical GIS data.

Prerequisite: None

Level: Beginning

Aileen R. Buckley, ESRI, 380 New York St., Redlands, CA, 92373-8100, Tel: 909-793-2853, abuckley@esri.com

Doug Vandegraft, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service/National Wildlife Refuge System, 4401 North Fairfax Drive, Room 622, Arlington, VA, 22203, Tel: 703-358-2404, Doug_Vandegraft@fws.gov

American Congress on Surveying and Mapping & Land Surveyors Association of Washington
Spokane, WA, USA
Spokane Convention Center

In this four-hour workshop, participants are introduced to map making with ArcGIS – no prior experience with the software is required. We cover the basics of how ESRI conceives of a map and how you interact with the software to make one. We also cover basics of cartographic design so that you know how to make the right decisions when you use the software. The agenda is as follows:

• Introduction, including Exercise 1 – Map Types PDF (6.0MB)
• Part 1 – ArcGIS Information and Organization PDF (0.3MB)
• Demo – Layer Drawing Effects PDF (5.5MB)
• Part 2 – Purpose, Audience & Constraints, including Exercise 2 – Map Critique PDF (1.0MB)
• Part 3 – Basic Cartographic Design Principles PDF (5.4MB
• Part 4 – Map Compilation PDF (4.3MB)
• Part 5 – Symbolization PDF (6.2MB)

Prerequisite: None

Level: Beginning

Aileen R. Buckley, ESRI, 380 New York St., Redlands, CA, 92373-8100, Tel: 909-793-2853, abuckley@esri.com

25th Annual ESRI International User Conference
San Diego, California, USA
San Diego Convention Center

Since much of the time and effort performing comprehensive GIS analysis results in some form of a map, this seminar will focus on the fundamental principles of cartographic design and how to achieve good cartographic quality using ArcMap. The objective will be to create well designed, high quality maps that communicate well and are useful to the map reader. This will involve learning what should be included in a good map, what to avoid placing on the map, how to symbolize a map, and how to annotate it for fast reading.

This seminar will include delivery of basic cartographic design principles coupled with a map critique exercise. Demonstrations will be incorporated that illustrate how to achieve good cartographic representation of data using ArcMap. Diverse topics will include how to symbolize fuzzy boundaries, roads and terrain, using transparencies, color ramps and color schemes, creating coastal vignettes, using imagery and photographs as map backgrounds, qualitative and quantitative thematic mapping, and annotation. The agenda is as follows:

• Introduction PDF (0.1MB)
• Some Basics PDF (0.7MB)
• Map Critique PDF (0.4MB)
• Representing Geographic Features PDF (0.9MB)
• Name Placement PDF (0.9MB)
• References PDF (0.1MB)
• Map Critique Checklist PDF (0.1MB)

Prerequisite: None

Level: Beginning

Makram Murad-al-shaikh, ESRI, 380 New York St., Redlands, CA, 92373-8100, Tel: 909-793-2853, mmurad@esri.com

24th Annual ESRI International User Conference
San Diego, California, USA
San Diego Convention Center

Please see the 2005 User Conference description.

Makram Murad-al-shaikh, ESRI, 380 New York St., Redlands, CA, 92373-8100, Tel: 909-793-2853, mmurad@esri.com

Aileen R. Buckley, ESRI, 380 New York St., Redlands, CA, 92373-8100, Tel: 909-793-2853, abuckley@esri.com

As noted cartographer Professor Waldo Tobler wrote in 1959, "Automation, it would seem, is here to stay." Fifty years ago, Tobler clearly recognized the advantages that automation offers cartography in terms of increased speed and improved quality. Since then, the infrastructure that supports map making has continued to evolve, and we find ourselves regularly seeking the answers to the same basic questions Tobler asked a half century ago: "What possibilities exist for automation in cartography, and where can these be found?" The answers help us improve the map production process so that it requires less time, provides more consistency (and therefore higher quality), and results in reduced costs. But the answers are also constantly changing as hardware capabilities, software functionality, and other technical constraints and opportunities continue to shift and evolve. In this paper, we review the current state of automation in the context of GIS database-driven cartography, and we provide specific examples of situations in which automation can be capitalized upon in map production workflows.

La nouvelle technologie des représentations cartographiques reliées à une base de données – disponible dans ArcGIS depuis quelques années – a beaucoup contribué au fait que les cartes puissent être produites et mises à jour rapidement. L’office fédéral de topographie suisse (swisstopo), qui renouvelle toute sa chaîne de production de carte, développe un nouveau système utilisant la nouvelle technologie des représentations cartographiques. Ce système est constitué de bases de données, d’un système d’édition interactif (Genius-DB), ainsi que d’un système de généralisation automatique (SysDab). Le système Genius-DB est développé en collaboration avec ESRI Suisse, le système Sysdab est développé par une société tierce.

Pour chaque échelle de la carte, un propre modèle cartographique numérique (MCN) est créé. Les MCN sont dérivés d’un modèle topographique du paysage (MTP) et généralisés automatiquement. En outre, des relations entre le MTP non généralisé et les objets généralisés du MCN sont créées. Chaque MCN est constitué d’un modèle de données et d’un modèle de représentations. Afin que le travail des cartographes dans Genius-DB soit aussi productif que possible, une grande partie des tâches cartographiques est automatisée; comme par exemple la création de passages inférieurs et supérieurs. Pour les tâches manuelles restantes, les cartographes disposent d’outils d’édition „one-clic“ intuitifs et efficaces.

A new cartographic production system is being developed at the Federal Office of Topography in Switzerland (swisstopo). This new system consists of a cartographic database and interactive editing system (called Genius-DB) and a generalization system (called SysDab, built by a non-ESRI third party). Genius-DB is being built by ESRI Switzerland based on ESRI ArcGIS 9.2/9.3, a commercial off the shelf GIS software platform. Genius-DB is one of the first applications to make use of the cartographic representations technology that is new since ArcGIS 9.2. This paper is based on Eicher et al., 2007 and presents some background on this project, explains the driving forces behind upgrading the current system, and describes some selected theory important to the overall architecture of the system. The bulk of the paper explores some major technical themes in the project: the development of GIS data and representation models, designing overall workflows and data flows, and the optimization of the cartographic editing user experience.

This paper is a work in progress. Although not yet complete or polished, it offers gems of advice for such contouring-related topics as: Preparing the digital elevation model (DEM) for contouring, Determining a good contour interval for your map, assigning index contours, cleaning up contours, horizontal and vertical accuracy of contours, assigning depression contours, symbolizing contour lines, and creating supplementary contours and carrying contours. In it, I also present a multi-scale, multi-purpose contour data model. All of these topics are discussed with contour production and management with ArcGIS.

Effective use of GIS for map production requires a well designed cartographic data model. Cartographic data models are a formalization of the map's design stored in the features and attributes of a GIS database. Cartographic data modeling requires a clear understanding of the maps that are being produced and in addition the software that is used to produce the maps.

An advantage of data modeling is that it requires us to think about the map design and the map making process. This results in the codification of the geographic features, attributes and processes that produce the desired cartographic product through specified software. Arranging this information in a systematic form allows it to be shared and repurposed for other map making uses. In some cases, it is possible to translate the cartographer's thinking directly into the GIS data model; other times the requirements for the data model are more elusive because it is difficult to formalize how a cartographer completes certain tasks. There are a number of reasons for this elusiveness, including the iterative and inexact nature of some map making tasks, the lack of attention historically given to codification of some map making tasks, difficulties in translating the task to its expression in a digital environment, and incomplete knowledge of the data and/or software used to complete the tasks.

We have learned much about how to design cartographic databases over the past ten years and more. The lessons relate to translating the map's semantic model into a cartographic data model, informed data capture, database requirements for text placement and symbology, leveraging the database in order to maximize the software capabilities, and identifying opportunities for automated map production. Some of the lessons we have learned include that: the maps an organization produces drive all aspects of cartographic data modeling; a complete inventory of the graphic marks on the maps is required to inform many aspects of the data model; semantic models do not have to be exhaustive in order to be complete; development of the cartographic data model must inform primary data compilation; the data model should allow you to store the closest representation of the final map in the database as possible. We illustrate these lessons through multiple examples from various case studies.

We present continued work on ScaleMaster, a tool that guides and describes multi-scale map design and combinations of databases at widely ranging resolutions. This work complements multi-representation database (MRDB) research ongoing in Europe which is described in our recent paper on this topic (Brewer and Buttenfield 2007). We used U.S. databases, with the most detailed databases compiled by local governments at an anchor scale of 1:5,000. We also tested draft preprocessed Level of Detail (LoD) hydrography databases at resolutions suited to approximately 1:30,000 and 1:80,000 mapping. These data were used to produce maps at all scales ranging from 1:5,000 to 1:1,000,000 (1:5K to 1:1M). The series of draft maps we discuss were designed for reading at the coarse-resolutions of computer screens using ArcGIS 9.2.

Our demonstration maps were produced primarily using selection, elimination, and symbol design changes. Relying on these changes to the display for mapmaking through scale is in contrast to use of geometry changes produced by generalization operations such as simplification and displacement. We have constructed approximately 30 maps for each of four map types: topographic, zoning, soils, and population density. These topics span the range from reference to thematic mapping and include both human and physical themes. All of the maps are of Ada County, Idaho, with detail for Boise and Meridian cities. Jessica Acosta is the primary designer for the map series with feedback from research team members Cindy Brewer, Charlie Frye, Barbara Buttenfield, and Aileen Buckley. Jessica produced maps at scales throughout the 1:5K to 1:1M range for each topic and also documented her work in ScaleMaster diagrams.

Data capture of base cartographic features continues as a major activity in national mapping agencies, regional and local governments, and field science offices. Data modeling to create map products at a single scale and for a single purpose is both costly and labor-intensive. As a consequence, most organizations capture data once with the intention of modifying it for use in multiple products produced for display across a range of mapping scales and for reference, general purpose or special purpose mapping. In ICC member nations, National Mapping Agencies (NMAs) capture topographic data, image data, and base-cartographic vector data at the finest spatial resolution (e.g.,1 meter or sub-meter orthoimagery), for display at standardized mapping scales (e.g., 1;10,000, 1:25,000, 100,000, 250,000, or 1: 1 million), according to the mission and mandate of the agencies, e.g., defense and security, or natural resource management, or archival of natural landforms.

A new map production system is being developed at the Federal Office of Topography in Switzerland (swisstopo). This new system (called OPTINA-LK) consists of a cartographic database and interactive editing system (called Genius-DB) and a generalization system. Genius-DB is being built by ESRI Switzerland based on ESRI ArcGIS 9.2, a commercial off the shelf GIS software platform. Genius-DB is one of the first applications to make use of the cartographic representations technology that is new in ArcGIS 9.2. The paper presents some background on this project, explains the driving forces behind upgrading the current system, and describes some selected theory important to the overall architecture of the system. The bulk of the paper explores some major technical themes in the project: the development of GIS data and representation models, designing overall workflows and data flows, and the optimization of the cartographic editing user experience.

The task of generalization of existing spatial data for cartographic production can be expressed as optimizing both the amount of information to be presented, and the legibility/usability of the final map, while conserving data accuracy, geographic characteristics, and aesthetical quality. This paper provides an overview of a research project underway presently at ESRI to implement an optimization approach to constraint-based generalization within a commodity GIS (ArcGIS). In this approach, a set of rules are defined, one for each constraint. Each rule contains a satisfaction function, measuring the degree of violation of the constraint, and one or more actions which should improve the situation if the constraint is violated. An Optimizer kernel then has the responsibility of evaluating local and global satisfaction, and applying actions to appropriate features to improve the situation. In real generalization scenarios, it is often not possible to avoid some violation of constraints, and the goal of the Optimizer is therefore to maximize the overall satisfaction.

This paper describes the concepts and components needed to achieve optimization, the mathematics of the optimization process, and outlines a research prototype implementation. It also covers mechanisms for conserving topological integrity, which are built into the optimization framework. It then describes a set of example use cases, particularly covering displacement, but also others such as contextual simplification.

Many organizations have adopted a Geographic Information System (GIS) to assist in their demanding projects. At first they were more worried about building the database and getting trained on the use of the GIS software in performing analysis. They were, then, not so much interested in cartography. But, as skills developed, users started asking for more tools on how to improve their maps.

GIS software has introduced and improved several cartographic tools that can help the map maker automate all aspects of cartographic visualization and rendering of the map with minimum of efforts. This has certainly introduced new challenges in cartographic training; where instructor-led as well as Internet courses dedicated to serve the GIS user community were needed to be developed. The concept of a digital cartographic database and how an organization should consider cartography even at the onset of its database design efforts, has certainly introduced an added challenge on how teaching database design with cartography in mind has changed.

The objective of this paper is to introduce those sophisticated tools that will help automate the mapping efforts, to produce quality maps that are worthy of the time spent on complicated analysis, and clearly and impressively visualize the results. A sample of the tools that will be discussed are those to automate labeling and annotation, those to enhance map readability and figure-ground effect, and those to improve the map layout and symbology, to name but few; all in compliance with the international cartographic standards.

Generalization in the digital mapping and GIS world is the task of deriving smaller scale or lower resolution products from over-detailed spatial data. Optimization is one available mechanism for handling the often conflicting constraints involved in contextual generalization, where relationships with neighboring features are paramount. This paper studies the involvement of topological relationships in such constraints, and in the corresponding actions and reflexes which are invoked during optimization. It is based on investigations carried out while researching the development of an optimization engine as an extension to a commodity GIS (ArcGIS from ESRI).

In this article, we suggest that a universally accepted cartographic software program does not currently exist and has never existed, but mapping software capabilities are improving, and cartographers should be involved software developments for map making. We describe the current state of software development and explore what an ideal solution for the future would be. In a related vein, GIS and other data are not generally designed for cartography, but we are learning how they can be, and cartographers should also be involved in the modeling of GIS and other data used for map making.

This paper extends European research on generating cartographic base maps at multiple scales from a single detailed database. Similar to the European work, we emphasize reference maps. In contrast to the Europeans' focus on data generalization, we emphasize changes to the map display, including symbol deign or symbol modification. We also work from databases compiled at multiple resolutions rather than constructing all representations from a single high-resolution database. We report results demonstrating how symbol change combined with selection and elimination of subsets of features can produce maps through almost any range of map scales spanning 1:10,000 to 1:5,000,000. We demonstrate a method of establishing specific map display scales at which symbol modification should be imposed. We present a prototype decision tool called ScaleMaster that can guide multi-scale map design across a small or large range of data resolutions, display scales, and map purposes.

Historical maps have long captivated map readers with their aesthetic qualities and the intrigue they impart, partly because they were done by hand. In this paper, historical maps were examined to determine if they illustrated design techniques and symbology that are adaptable for maps today. If so, the design techniques were then replicated in a modern map making environment using geographic information systems (GIS). With this "history of cartography" approach, we attempt to discover the underlying technical process of creation.

There is a certain class of features on maps that are difficult to generate from traditional GIS databases — named features of the natural landscape. Physical features, such as mountain ranges, canyons, ridges and valleys, and named water bodies, such as capes, bays and coves, are often not found in GIS databases. This results in their omission on maps or at best their addition to the map as graphic type that is not georeferenced to the data used to make the map. This paper describes an inherently multi-scale GIS data model for physiographic features, and by extension named water bodies and named islands and island chains and groups, that can be used to create many different types of maps. The semantic model (what features to include), the representation (how to define the geometry of the features and their attributes), and the symbology (the specifications for both type properties and type placement) are discussed. In addition, the sensitivity of the representations and symbology to the software used for mapping are described. These issues are reviewed in hopes that others will be better able to use GIS data and software to make maps that include these features. Cartographers know that without the inclusion of the type for these names on maps, the products created are less informationally— and cartographically—rich. If more GIS databases with these features in them were developed, non-cartographers using GIS software to make their maps, as well as cartographers who have not generally had these data at hand, could produce better products.

Keywords: cartographic data modeling, indeterminate boundaries, physiographic features, GIS

Commercial GIS software such as ESRI ArcGIS has historic strengths in geography, spatial data modeling, and data analysis, but has traditionally been perceived as less strong in cartographic representation, artistic freedom and map publishing. However, a set of major software advances in cartographic functionality has recently become available, which together with further developments under way, will greatly automate high quality cartographic production, while empowering the human cartographer.

This paper highlights how the advances arising from research and development at ESRI are applied in a production setting at swisstopo, the Swiss national mapping agency. Using a real world case study as an example, the paper explains how the developments at ESRI meet the various requirements of a mapping agency, from the rigor of a master geodatabase to the artistic freedom provided by the representation editing tools.

This paper extends European research on balancing the cartographic production workload. We emphasize the role of changes to the map display (such as symbol design or modification) in contrast to existing workload discussions that focus on changes to feature geometry. We report results demonstrating how symbol change combined with selection and elimination of subsets of features can produce maps through almost any range of scales. We demonstrate a method of establishing specific map display scales at which symbol modification should be imposed. We present a prototype decision tool called ScaleMaster that can be constructed for multi-scale map design across a small or large range of data resolutions, display scales, and map purposes.

The term "base map" has many specific meanings to a variety of organizations, products, and processes, but in the context of organizations who use GIS and who produce and publish maps, a base map contains the data that underpins all the map products and their common workflows in the organization. This paper describes a management strategy for the elements of a GIS base map that are critical to ensuring that an organization is successful in their map making work. A key to a successful multi-purpose multi-scale base map is a product driven approach. To illustrate this approach a hypothetical example of a local level governmental agency is used to show how the maps an organization will produce are used to inform the database design process. This example is based on real world experience working with many such organizations. This paper also contains discussions of several topics that impact multi-scale, multi-purpose base map data model design such as implications for data capture and deriving data for smaller scale maps. These ensuing discussions provide logical experience-driven basis for making better strategic decisions about base map data modeling.

The convenience of database-driven cartography has traditionally been offset by the design limitations of automated symbology. To address this, ArcGIS 9.2 introduces a rule-based way to store cartographic symbology alongside spatial data within a geodatabase. Symbology is applied intelligently to spatial features through powerful representation rules to achieve complex depictions. Geometric effects within rules can dynamically alter spatial geometry before symbology is applied, and values within the feature class table can define symbol properties to customize the appearance of features. The new framework offers geoprocessing tools that can automate aspects of symbolization and detect areas where symbols overlap even when the spatial geometry does not. The intelligent combination of components of the representation framework can result in intricate and insightful database cartography. This paper investigates the potential of the representation framework by building and describing a set of representation rules and geoprocessing models that experiment with traditional cartographic depictions that have proven difficult to automate in the past.

While research is underway at ESRI on solutions for adaptive and contextual generalization, the development of bulk generalization tools under the geoprocessing framework in ArcGIS has continued. One of the essential design aspects is to extend and redefine the scope of automation. Another is how to support the evaluation and further optimization of the output.

It is obviously important to use the most effective approaches and techniques to maximize the automation, so the new tools take advantage of the topology functions and TIN functions available in ArcGIS to preserve shared geometry and to derive generalized features. It is equally important that the tools provide feedback about the quality of the automated output, together with hints and tips to support further processing to complete the generalization tasks and hence increase productivity.

This paper introduces the existing and upcoming generalization tools, discusses major design decisions, and illustrates how these tools, along with other geoprocessing tools, can be used in various scenarios for model generalization and for cartographic generalization. It covers how the data can be generalized, but also the inspection and follow-up processes.

The demand for operable Multi-Resolution Databases (MRDBs) has grown to the point of wide acceptance in most national mapping agencies (NMAs), and in many local and state government organizations concerned with modeling and mapping cartographic data at different scales. The procedures that support MRDBs involve acquiring topographic data, image data, and base-cartographic vector data at a very fine spatial resolution. The initial dataset forms the basis for deriving coarser resolution versions of the dataset, through data modeling (i.e., generalization and other geoprocessing operations). A large body of work has been published (largely but not exclusively by European researchers) describing obstacles to, and solutions for, automating various aspects of the generalization required for MRDB derivation. That work is well known among the participants of this ICA Generalization Commission workshop and will not be reviewed here.

The convenience of database-driven cartography has traditionally been offset by the design limitations of automated symbology. To address this, ArcGIS 9.2 introduces a rule-based way to store cartographic symbology alongside spatial data within a geodatabase. Symbology is applied intelligently to spatial features through powerful representation rules to achieve complex depictions. Geometric effects within rules can dynamically alter spatial geometry before symbology is applied, and values within the feature class table can define symbol properties to customize the appearance of features. The new framework offers geoprocessing tools that can automate aspects of symbolization and detect areas where symbols overlap even when the spatial geometry does not. The intelligent combination of components of the representation framework can result in intricate and insightful database cartography. This paper investigates the potential of the representation framework by building and describing a set of representation rules and geoprocessing models that experiment with traditional cartographic depictions that have proven difficult to automate in the past.

Automated label or text placement has made great strides in recent years particularly with respect to labeling point and line features. However, the same cannot be said for polygons. One of the main difficulties is determining whether the text should be inside or outside the polygon's perimeter and whether the text should follow the general trend of the polygon or just flow horizontally within the polygon. The problem is relatively easy to solve when the polygon is substantially larger than the text, or if the text is substantially larger than the polygon. However, for many natural features such as smaller lakes, rivers, canyons, valleys, ridges, or mountain ranges, the text will occupy an area that is not substantially larger or smaller. Also, many of these kinds of features are not simple shapes, but instead have prongs, blobs, or bottlenecks; or are simply splotchy. Each of these kinds of shapes should be approached differently when it comes to cartographic text placement. This article describes a methodology for automatically describing such shapes in order to have Maplex, ESRI's cartographic label placement extension automatically place their names on a map.

There is a certain class of features on maps that are difficult to generate from traditional GIS databases — named features of the natural landscape. Physical features, such as mountain ranges, canyons, ridges and valleys, and named water bodies, such as capes, bays and coves, are often not found in GIS databases. This results in their omission on maps or at best their addition to the map as graphic type that is not georeferenced to the data used to make the map. This paper describes an inherently multi-scale GIS data model for physiographic features, and by extension named water bodies and named islands and island chains and groups, that can be used to create many different types of maps. The semantic model (what features to include), the representation (how to define the geometry of the features and their attributes), and the symbology (the specifications for both type properties and type placement) are discussed. In addition, the sensitivity of the representations and symbology to the software used for mapping are described. These issues are reviewed in hopes that others will be better able to use GIS data and software to make maps that include these features. Cartographers know that without the inclusion of the type for these names on maps, the products created are less informationally — and cartographically — rich. If more GIS databases with these features in them were developed, non-cartographers using GIS software to make their maps, as well as cartographers who have not generally had these data at hand, could produce better products.

Keywords: cartographic data modeling, indeterminate boundaries, physiographic features, GIS

Cartography has been defined as the art, science, technology, and craft of making maps and is a discipline going back 30,000 years to cave paintings locating woolly mammoths. Maps have often been works of art, but also visualize the results of scientific and historical analysis. There is a large bank of accumulated cartographic wisdom describing how to make clear maps that convey the intended message.

From a cartographic perspective, GIS has great strengths in database-driven symbology, multipurpose mapping, and integrated query and analysis, but map publishers also need rich graphical representation and artistic freedom. So, a set of major software advances in cartographic functionality is under way for ArcGIS 9.2 that will facilitate and automate high-quality cartographic production while empowering the human cartographer with more creative flexibility.

The aim of this update is to provide the optimal tools and environment for the production cartographer, centered on the rigor of the geodatabase. A key aspect is to automate as much as possible but then allow cartographic freedom where needed. The system will release mapmakers from repetitive manual operations and free them to concentrate on applying their unique human visual abilities for design and interpretation.

It is a strategic goal of many national mapping agencies and other geographic data producers to build a master Digital Landscape Model (DLM) using a GIS, from which are derived coarser landscape models and corresponding cartographic products at a variety of scales. At the heart of such a production strategy lie the concepts of generalization (the abstraction of data to a smaller scale), and of multiple representation databases. This paper overviews a project underway at ESRI to implement multiple representations in the geodatabase, together with mechanisms for overriding and editing individual feature representations, for high-quality cartography. It then relates that to ongoing development to support efficient generalization processes and a robust framework for data derivation and abstraction.

ESRI is developing its GIS software to support cartographic representations inside a versioned geodatabase. Representations are usually described as a Digital Cartographic Model (DCM), as opposed to a Digital Landscape Model (DLM). A set of tools (including generalization operators) is involved in deriving the DCM from the DLM. One of the main benefits of the DCM representation mechanism is to support manual overrides, because there will always need to be human interventions. Thus, real cartographic data require a combination of automated and human work.

This paper covers the propagation of DLM updates to the DCM features and representations. The first challenge is to apply the same set of derivation rules using just update descriptions as input, instead of a whole new dataset. The second challenge is to prevent erasing the manual work of the cartographer, which represents much of the time spent to produce the final map. The paper describes how the database model is extended to keep track of the cartographer's manual work.

Remaining in the GIS environment during map production has many advantages but requires that an increasing range of cartographic effects and graphic design tools be embedded in the software. For example, cartographers want to position and curve type precisely; break lines for type over multicolor backgrounds with selective masking; clarify precise overpass, underpass, and merge relationships in complex road interchanges; control the way boundary lines interact as they intersect and overlay each other and hydrography; and design sophisticated mixtures of relief shading and hypsometric tints. The tools for accomplishing advanced cartographic effects are a mix of both analysis and representation tools. We challenged groups of students at the Pennsylvania State University with a series of compact design problems to be solved in both ESRI ArcGIS and Adobe Illustrator or Photoshop. In this paper, we highlight some new and hard to find cartographic options in the GIS software.

We present an information model that describes maps and informs the definition of GIS databases with the codification of map design to support automated map production. We present an approach to database modeling that considers the map production requirements from the outset, then defines the unique characteristics and requirements for the GIS data to support mapping, as well as the process models to create the maps. Our information model is derived from a communication model that encompasses traditional cartographic design and production processes to transform information about the geographic environment to geospatial data to maps. We tested our information model using a multi-scale GIS database to produce various map products. From our research, we find that the information model can be used to codify the map design and support the production process. The challenge remains to incorporate the flexibility to reflect the individualistic approaches of map makers in their design and compilation processes.

Though cartographic production based on geographic information systems has proven benefits, a major obstacle to the wide acceptance of GIS as a tool for production cartography has been its inflexibility in allowing cartographers to make changes to the representations of geographic features on a feature by feature basis. Consequently, many cartographers work either solely in a vector commercial graphics software package, or they divide their work between GIS and graphics software packages.

Software is being developed at ESRI based on the geodatabase to support map finishing in ArcGIS. Cartographer-centric tools allow users to modify feature symbolization and geometry. These tools work with the geodatabase and store changes as overrides that do not affect the underlying GIS data. This paper describes the cartographic finishing software under development at ESRI, with a focus on the design and function of manual cartographic editing tools, supplemented by tools for automating common processes.

Commercial GIS software such as ESRI ArcGIS has historic strengths in geography, spatial data modeling, and data analysis, but has traditionally been perceived as less strong in cartographic representation, artistic freedom and map publishing. However, a set of major software advances in cartographic functionality has recently become available, which together with further developments under way, will greatly automate high quality cartographic production, while empowering the human cartographer.

This paper overviews a related set of technology advances arising from research and development at ESRI. The aim is to provide the optimal tools and environment for the production cartographer, centered on the rigor of the master geodatabase but allowing artistic freedom where needed. It will release cartographers from the drudgery of repetitive actions and free them to concentrate on applying their unique human visual abilities for interpretation and design.

Many national mapping agencies (NMAs) are pursuing the idea of building a master database and deriving multiple scale products from it. To support this production goal, GIS-based generalization is a necessity. The solution for generalization involves data modeling, process automation, multiple representations, updating, and more. This paper focuses on the automation of generalization processes in ArcGIS (the GIS software created by ESRI, Inc.)

To automate generalization requires translating the cartographer's knowledge into computer logic and algorithms in order to derive desired results. Our starting point is the Generalization toolset in ArcToolbox, the powerful geoprocessing framework containing hundreds of data analysis and management tools and a ModelBuilder for process chaining. Existing and forthcoming tools along with on-going research cases will be used to illustrate the automation challenges, such as defining rules, recognizing certain patterns and contexts, and producing topologically correct output with feedback for evaluation and post-processing. Sample generalization models will also be presented.

On-demand projection of large raster datasets is becoming increasingly important as the growing interest in utilizing regional and global raster datasets as well as the use of terabyte-sized high-resolution images in GIS, and these raster datasets are normally not stored in the same projection/coordinate system. Current available algorithms do not meet the fast and accurate requirements of the on-demand raster projection. This paper presents a new algorithm based on a bilinear approximation mesh for transforming images from one projection to another. Implementation and tests show that the algorithm is accurate and fast and has built a solid foundation for GIS applications utilizing large image holdings of local or global raster data.

ArcGIS is professional Geographic Information Systems (GIS) software produced by Environmental Systems Research Institute (ESRI), Inc. of the United States of America. This software facilitates map design by giving users the ability to easily layout maps for printing, embedding in other documents, or electronic publishing.

This paper explores a sample of the different tools available in ArcGIS 9 for the purpose of creating professional maps. These tools are not only present as interactive cartographic tools in ArcMap but also as geoprocessing tools in ArcToolbox that can be utilized for automation of cartographic enhancement.

Some examples of what can be done include using geoprocessing tools to enhance the visibility of contour labels or the non ambiguous display of overlapping linear symbology; using tools, which were originally designed for analysis tasks, to enhance the figure-ground of the land-water masses; creating generalized renditions of features for use in smaller scale maps; processing raster data in ArcMap, ArcToolbox, and the Spatial Analyst extension to provide cartographically suitable three-dimensional (3D) background for the map to enhance visualization of the terrain; and tools for labeling and annotation, including the use of both the Standard and the Maplex label engines.

The introduction of new capabilities for multiple cartographic representations and overrides within a GIS database opens up alternative approaches to cartographic production. Many cartographic production organizations have expressed a strategy of building a Digital Landscape Model (DLM) in a central database, and from that deriving a range of cartographic products. To do this efficiently will require generalization tools and mechanisms for handling the Digital Cartographic Models (DCM) including multiple representations. It will also require a framework for controlling the flow of data from DLM to DCM, including updates.

This paper provides an update on a project presently underway at ESRI to implement high-quality cartography with multiple representations in the database, including override mechanisms that empower the cartographer to modify individual feature representations without affecting the master DLM data. It then relates that to ongoing development to provide efficient generalization processes and a robust framework for such DLM/DCM data derivation.

This paper presents an information model that describes maps and informs the definition of GIS databases to support automated map production. When GIS databases are constructed primarily for the inventory and analysis of geographic phenomena, the data requirements for map production are often not considered until after the data have been already been compiled. The resulting maps and production processes are therefore often approached by cobbling together the map data from any available GIS database. We present an alternative approach that considers the map requirements from the outset, then define the unique characteristics and requirements for the GIS data to support mapping, as well as the process models to create the maps. Our information model is derived from a communication model that encompasses traditional cartographic design and production processes to transform information about the geographic environment to geospatial data to maps. It defines rules for cartographic abstraction, symbology and labeling, graphic refinements (e.g., legibility, visual contrast, hierarchical organization, visual balance), and map compilation. We tested our information model using a multi-scale GIS database to produce various map products. From our research, we find that the information model must be flexible so as to reflect the individualistic approaches of map makers in their design and compilation processes.

The demand for a single, detailed cartographic database that supports map representations at multiple scales and for multiple purposes continues to challenge the discipline. Throughout the database life cycle, derived representations intermix with original compilation, making it difficult to distinguish data capture from data abstraction. As a consequence, database features that persist across compilation scales may vary in geometry, dimensionality, and singularity. Currently, most GIS and map production systems offer only minimal software support for linked multi-scale data management. Linkages between complex data representations can be established only on simple attributes (e.g., object IDs or timestamps). This paper presents relational database architecture to link representations and unify mapping at multiple scales and for multiple purposes. The architecture is being developed by empirical investigation and comparison of existing federal agency map series databases, and by systematic experimentation with cartographic abstraction and generalization applied to these data. Current work involves DLG and DIGEST data dictionaries for geographical footprints in Texas and in California. The separation of captured and derived data follows European work practice that captures data within Digital Landscape Models (DLM), and derives data from the DLM to a series of Digital Cartographic Model (DCM) databases for targeted scales and purposes.

Geographic information systems centered on relational databases are a powerful and proven way to collect, store, and analyze geographic data. Such systems are also used to produce cartographic products including maps and mapping datasets. However, existing mapping systems built on GIS databases fail to fully leverage relational database technology, mainly because most systems store geographic information—geometry and attributes—in the relational database, but store map definition and symbolization information in separate files. Also, map symbolization is accomplished by applying rules that assign symbology to sets of categorized features, a system that is seen by many cartographers as being too restrictive in not allowing one to interactively change individual cartographic graphic representations.

This paper proposes a GIS-based cartographic production system where cartographic information is stored with GIS data in the relational database. A system whereby dynamic cartographic symbolization and geometry processing rules are stored in ESRI's geodatabase is described. The representation of features is achieved initially by applying these sets of rules without manual intervention. The system then affords the cartographer the freedom to intervene and override any representation. Such overrides can take the form of changes to symbolization as well as geometry.

There are many ways to encapsulate semantic models in GIS and cartographic data. A semantic model is the set of terms used to describe features in the database or on a map. For instance, a semantic model defines whether a low lying saturated area on the landscape is called a swamp, marsh or bog. In order to make maps with GIS data, some part of the GIS data model must contain the data's semantic model so a mapmaker can symbolize the data for the map.

Valid Value Tables (VVTs) are a set of tables that may be used to store a semantic model in a geodatabase by defining the valid combinations of coded values that describe the kinds of features in the database. Coded values are numbers (requiring relatively small amounts of storage space in a database and low impact on digital networks) that represent larger, more descriptive, but inefficient text strings. Drawing data on maps in a GIS is faster when coded values are used to determine which symbols are used to draw features.

Base maps require a data model that supports the generation of high-quality digital cartographic products with varying levels of detail for a desired range of map scales. Base maps provide a framework for GIS data use and analysis, and commonly used GIS data from many domains may be combined with cartographic attributes to build the base map. This chapter presents a case study for a topographic base map at 1:24,000 scale, building on work in progress at TNRIS, based in Austin, Texas.

The original Atlas of Oregon was printed in 1976 and served as a definitive source of geographic information for the state of Oregon for 25 years. The second edition was released in October 2001, and a CD-ROM version was released a year later. A Web site has also been developed to deliver a set of educational materials that draw upon the atlas. Presentation of the atlas using multiple modes of communication creates a suite of integrated materials that can be used for a wide range of applications, including reference, education, research and policy making. In the twenty-five years that span the release of the first and second editions of the atlas, we have seen radical changes in the ways that atlases are produced and distributed. Technological changes have impacted all aspects of the atlas creation process, including atlas design, data collection, map compilation, media production, media distribution, and even communication between collaborators. This paper reviews the methods used for creation of the original Atlas of Oregon, and contrasts those with the techniques that were used to create the Second Edition. We also examine technological changes that have allowed for new mapping opportunities by expanding the modes of delivery to include CD ROMs and the Web. Each of these modes of communication presents a unique set of challenges and advantages for atlas mapping. Books continue to provide the highest quality graphics and a level of comfort that entices many readers, CD-ROMs and the Web allow for increased interactivity and animation, and the Web can also provide related services, such as hyperlinks to data sources and downloading capabilities. This paper examines modern techniques for atlas creation in each of these forms - book, CD-ROM and Web site. The atlas design, compilation, and production methods used for each of these three distribution modes are examined, and challenges for each are discussed. Distribution of the atlas using multiple modes of communication provides the opportunity to impart a wider range of information, creates more opportunities for effective communication, and may attract a larger audience; however, integration between these modes presents a set of challenges, and opportunities, unto itself. These are also discussed in this paper.

Many cartographic production organizations have a strategy of building a Digital Landscape Model (DLM) in a central database, and from that deriving a range of cartographic products. However, in the past, the cartographic presentation tools and symbolization mechanisms available in the GIS software that is used to build and maintain the DLM, have not provided the cartographic quality or the human freedom to produce directly the desired cartographic outputs. As a result, many organizations have had to fall back onto a divided workflow, where the cartographic finishing stages are done in publishing software dissociated from the central database.

This paper describes the rationale, scope, and technology of a project underway at present at ESRI to implement high-quality cartography with multiple representations in the database, including override mechanisms to empower the human cartographer to modify individual features and representation parts without affecting the master DLM data, and without unnecessary data duplication. This project is part of an ongoing strategic direction to deliver database-driven cartography capable of satisfying the demanding requirements of cartographic production organizations.

Atlases are changing. The paper paradigm of maps and atlases has pervaded recent cartographic history. By nature that paradigm serves, as well as defines, a specific audience in terms of use and presentation. In the lab and at the printing press, the paper paradigm demands certain design and production flows that will drastically change through evolutions in data structures, mapmaking techniques, and presentation methods. Technological transformations in mapping influence much of this change. The implications for the creation and distribution of atlases are significant. With that in mind, this paper addresses a number of issues that relate to the technological evolution of atlases from paper to digital products: the distinction between paper and digital products and services and the implications of that distinction for atlas design—particularly for web-based services; facilitating data and its application to the evolution of map/atlas products; and a redefinition of "atlas" and the "audience" for an atlas.

GIS databases contain classes of features that are representations of real world phenomena; and GIS and mapping software provide a means for encapsulating that information within a map. Typically ancillary cartographic information like legends, scale bars, graticules, text, etc. have been stored outside of the database within documents or as instructions in a program that reconstructs the map each time it is needed. As more mapping agencies and organizations move in the direction of centralized data holdings, the decentralized nature of traditional cartography will cause inconvenient management constraints. ESRI has spent the last year developing technology for storing this cartographic information within a traditional centralized DBMS structure. This allows cartographic information to be managed far more effectively than current methods permit. One of the chief values of this technology is the ability to keep cartographic products constantly up to date, i.e., each time a map is produced the most current information is used. This technology also allows for changes to the cartographic standard to be instantly applied to all products that use the standard. Another way to describe this topic is making the leap from database-derived cartographic information (passive) to database-driven cartographic information (active).

GIS databases contain classes of features that are representations of real world phenomena; and GIS and mapping software provide a means for encapsulating that information within a map. Typically ancillary cartographic information like legends, scale bars, graticules, text, etc. have been stored outside of the database within documents or as instructions in a program that reconstructs the map each time it is needed. As more mapping agencies and organizations move in the direction of centralized data holdings, the decentralized nature of traditional cartography will cause inconvenient management constraints. ESRI has spent the last year developing technology for storing this cartographic information within a traditional centralized DBMS structure. This allows cartographic information to be managed far more effectively than current methods permit. One of the chief values of this technology is the ability to keep cartographic products constantly up to date, i.e., each time a map is produced the most current information is used. This technology also allows for changes to the cartographic standard to be instantly applied to all products that use the standard. Another way to describe this topic is making the leap from database-derived cartographic information (passive) to database-driven cartographic information (active).

The union of cartography and GIS has not always been one of complete cohesion. Designing GIS databases has frequently left mapmakers with a difficult job and mapmakers have no consistent means for communicating cartographic requirements to database designers. Today there is a widely held expectation that GIS means maps, this is partly because maps or things that look like maps are easy to make using GIS software. Many organizations also expect to use their GIS data holdings in multiple mapping and analytical contexts. This article presents key concepts that show that GIS databases can be designed such that they facilitate rapid production of many high-quality cartographic products. At the heart of these concepts is the idea that standard database modeling practices can yield well designed GIS databases that support cartographic purposes as well. This article presents these ideas based on work completed at ESRI over the past two years on how to include cartographic information in a GIS data model to support creating a 1:24,000-scale base map.

Application of landscape textures can add life and realism to cartographic visualizations and presentations. "Bump mapping" is a term used in 3D graphic programs to refer to perturbating an object's surface with textures and patterns. These perturbations or "bumps" add tremendous realism to the object and to the visualization. This same principle can be applied in a GIS setting to add realism and interest to the presentation. Arcview Spatial Analyst can be an effective tool for this process. This presentation will illustrate how to use Archview Spatial Analyst to create interesting and realistic textures for characterizing different landscape types for purposes of visualization. At least one case study will be demonstrated.

The first part of this article discusses some of the basics of terrain representation using ArcMap. The last part goes into a little more detail about how to achieve a Swiss-style hill-shade effect using the Spatial Analyst extension.

Most organizations need to use iconic symbols of some sort in their documents and maps. These icons may be a widely used standard like the Visa or MasterCard symbols or something custom like an organization's logo. Using these symbols in documents and presentations has often been a problem because the only way to do so was to scan the symbol and use it as a bitmap. Bitmap images offer a trade-off, quality at the expense of performance. For presentations bitmap images are particularly bad because they are often displayed at large sizes and are usually perceived to be of low quality. It is also difficult to publish documents that contain bitmaps due to large file sizes or incompatibilities in the bitmap formats.

Shaded or "painted" relief backdrops add tremendous visual interest and value to cartographic products. The addition of relief backdrops to maps has proven to be an effective technique for portraying realistic landscapes and geographical situations, and it is widely practiced in cartography today. However, the beautifully smoothed and colored shaded relief surfaces commonly seen as "backdrops" on many maps often do not reveal the true character of the ground being shown. By enhancing painted or shaded relief with textures and materials, more realistic information can be displayed. This provides map users with a better sense of the geographical situation present in the map. The information required to develop these geographic textures and materials can be derived from a number of widely available digital sources including digital aerial photography, satellite imagery and other GIS thematic data. Incorporation of this additional information is desirable and possible while still maintaining visual balance and readability. This presentation will discuss the concepts and philosophy behind the use of "geographic textures and materials." It will also provide a step-by-step application example showing how landscape-based textures and materials can be applied to cartographic backdrops using ArcGIS to create a dramatic, interesting, and informational cartographic presentation.

Combining layer tinting or "painting" with relief shading has proven to be a very effective method for portraying the landscape. Additionally, the "painted relief" is important in providing a backdrop for maps designed for land management and resource planning at the Bureau of Land Management’s Oregon State Office. This article introduces a technique that gives cartographers a new capability of adding visual texture to maps, by combining layer tinted relief with a modified Digital Elevation Model (DEM) using SPOT or Thematic Mapper imagery or Digital Ortho-photography. This texturizing method has greatly enhanced the "painted" relief maps in communicating detailed landcover features. The result is not only more informative, but also very visually exciting because of the tactile appearance. This technique has been particularly useful in showing patterns of recent forest management activities in the Northwest. The techniques described here specifically uses ESRI Arc/Info software, but the general methodology could be applied using other mapping software.